Neutralization Reactions Worksheet with acid-base equations and salt formation.

Let’s go step by step through each neutralization reaction. In every case, an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water. We need to:

1. Predict the correct formula of the salt (by swapping ions: H⁺ from acid combines with OH⁻ from base to make H₂O; the remaining ions form the salt).
2. Balance the equation using coefficients.
3. Write names under formulas for acid, base, and salt.

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Reaction 1: Already done as example

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water
✔ Balanced already.

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Reaction 2: H₂SO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → ? + H₂O

- Acid: H₂SO₄ → gives 2 H⁺ and SO₄²⁻
- Base: Ca(OH)₂ → gives Ca²⁺ and 2 OH⁻
- Salt: Ca²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ → CaSO₄
- Water: 2 H⁺ + 2 OH⁻ → 2 H₂O

So unbalanced:
H₂SO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaSO₄ + 2 H₂O

Check atoms:
Left: H=2+2=4, S=1, O=4+2=6, Ca=1
Right: Ca=1, S=1, O=4+2=6, H=4 → ✔ balanced!

Names:
Acid: sulfuric acid
Base: calcium hydroxide
Salt: calcium sulfate

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Reaction 3: HNO₃ + KOH → ? + H₂O

- Acid: HNO₃ → H + NO₃⁻
- Base: KOH → K⁺ + OH
- Salt: K⁺ + NO₃⁻ → KNO₃
- Water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O

Unbalanced: HNO₃ + KOH → KNO₃ + H₂O
Already balanced! All atoms match.

Names:
Acid: nitric acid
Base: potassium hydroxide
Salt: potassium nitrate

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Reaction 4: H₂CO₃ + NaOH → ? + H₂O

- Acid: H₂CO₃ → 2 H⁺ + CO₃²⁻
- Base: NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻
- Need 2 NaOH to provide 2 OH⁻ to react with 2 H⁺ → makes 2 H₂O
- Salt: 2 Na⁺ + CO₃²⁻ → Na₂CO₃

Unbalanced: H₂CO₃ + NaOH → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
Balance: H₂CO₃ + 2 NaOH → Na₂CO₃ + 2 H₂O

Check:
Left: H=2+2=4, C=1, O=3+2=5, Na=2
Right: Na=2, C=1, O=3+2=5, H=4 → ✔

Names:
Acid: carbonic acid
Base: sodium hydroxide
Salt: sodium carbonate

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Reaction 5: H₃PO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → ? + H₂O

- Acid: H₃PO₄ → 3 H⁺ + PO₄³⁻
- Base: Ca(OH)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2 OH⁻
- To get 3 OH⁻? Wait — we need to balance charges in salt too.

Better approach: find least common multiple.

PO₄³⁻ needs 3 positive charges → so if we use 3/2 Ca²⁺? Not good. Use whole numbers.

Try: 2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(OH)₂ → ?

Then: 6 H⁺ + 6 OH⁻ → 6 H₂O
Salt: 3 Ca²⁺ + 2 PO₄³⁻ → Ca(PO₄)₂

Equation:
2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(OH)₂ → Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 6 H₂O

Check atoms:
Left: H=6+6=12, P=2, O=8+6=14, Ca=3
Right: Ca=3, P=2, O=8+6=14, H=12 → ✔

Names:
Acid: phosphoric acid
Base: calcium hydroxide
Salt: calcium phosphate

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Reaction 6: HC₂H₃O₂ + KOH → ? + H₂O

Note: HC₂H₃O₂ is acetic acid (often written CH₃COOH). It’s monoprotic → one H⁺.

- Acid: HC₂H₃O₂ → H⁺ + C₂H₃O₂
- Base: KOH → K⁺ + OH⁻
- Salt: K⁺ + C₂H₃O₂ → KC₂H₃O₂
- Water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O

Unbalanced: HC₂H₃O₂ + KOH → KC₂H₃O₂ + H₂O → already balanced!

Names:
Acid: acetic acid
Base: potassium hydroxide
Salt: potassium acetate

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Reaction 7: HCl + NH₄OH → ? + H₂O

NH₄OH is ammonium hydroxide (though technically it’s NH₃(aq), but we’ll treat as given).

- Acid: HCl → H⁺ + Cl
- Base: NH₄OH → NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
- Salt: NH₄⁺ + Cl → NH₄Cl
- Water: H⁺ + OH → H₂O

Equation: HCl + NH₄OH → NH₄Cl + H₂O → balanced!

Names:
Acid: hydrochloric acid
Base: ammonium hydroxide
Salt: ammonium chloride

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Reaction 8: H₂SO₄ + Mg(OH)₂ → ? + H₂O

- Acid: H₂SO₄ → 2 H⁺ + SO₄²⁻
- Base: Mg(OH)₂ → Mg²⁺ + 2 OH⁻
- Salt: Mg²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ → MgSO₄
- Water: 2 H⁺ + 2 OH⁻ → 2 H₂O

Equation: H₂SO₄ + Mg(OH)₂ → MgSO₄ + 2 H₂O → balanced!

Names:
Acid: sulfuric acid
Base: magnesium hydroxide
Salt: magnesium sulfate

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Reaction 9: HNO₃ + NH₄OH → ? + H₂O

Same as #7 but different acid.

- Acid: HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃⁻
- Base: NH₄OH → NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
- Salt: NH₄⁺ + NO₃⁻ → NHNO₃
- Water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O

Equation: HNO₃ + NH₄OH → NH₄NO₃ + H₂O → balanced!

Names:
Acid: nitric acid
Base: ammonium hydroxide
Salt: ammonium nitrate

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Reaction 10: HNO₃ + Al(OH)₃ → ? + H₂O

- Acid: HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃⁻
- Base: Al(OH)₃ → Al³⁺ + 3 OH⁻
- Need 3 HNO₃ to provide 3 H⁺ → makes 3 H₂O
- Salt: Al³⁺ + 3 NO₃⁻ → Al(NO₃)₃

Equation: 3 HNO₃ + Al(OH)₃ → Al(NO₃)₃ + 3 H₂O

Check:
Left: H=3+3=6, N=3, O=9+3=12, Al=1
Right: Al=1, N=3, O=9+3=12, H=6 → ✔

Names:
Acid: nitric acid
Base: aluminum hydroxide
Salt: aluminum nitrate

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Final Answer:

Here are all completed equations with names:

1. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water

2. H₂SO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaSO₄ + 2 H₂O
Sulfuric acid + calcium hydroxide → calcium sulfate + water

3. HNO₃ + KOH → KNO₃ + H₂O
Nitric acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium nitrate + water

4. H₂CO₃ + 2 NaOH → Na₂CO₃ + 2 H₂O
Carbonic acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium carbonate + water

5. 2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(OH)₂ → Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 6 H₂O
Phosphoric acid + calcium hydroxide → calcium phosphate + water

6. HC₂H₃O₂ + KOH → KC₂H₃O₂ + H₂O
Acetic acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium acetate + water

7. HCl + NH₄OH → NH₄Cl + H₂O
Hydrochloric acid + ammonium hydroxide → ammonium chloride + water

8. H₂SO₄ + Mg(OH)₂ → MgSO₄ + 2 H₂O
Sulfuric acid + magnesium hydroxide → magnesium sulfate + water

9. HNO₃ + NH₄OH → NH₄NO₃ + H₂O
Nitric acid + ammonium hydroxide → ammonium nitrate + water

10. 3 HNO₃ + Al(OH)₃ → Al(NO₃)₃ + 3 H₂O
Nitric acid + aluminum hydroxide → aluminum nitrate + water