F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shaking hands, symbolizing the end of apartheid in South Africa.

The image you've uploaded is a reading passage titled "Apartheid in South Africa", which provides historical information about the apartheid era in South Africa. It explains the origins, implementation, resistance, and eventual end of apartheid. While it doesn't contain a specific *task* or *question* (like a math problem or multiple-choice query), I will interpret your request as asking for:

1. A summary of the passage
2. An explanation of key points and concepts
3. A breakdown of how apartheid was dismantled

Let’s go through each step.

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🔹 Summary of the Passage

This passage describes the history of racial segregation in South Africa, focusing on the period of apartheid from 1948 to 1991. It outlines how racial segregation began before independence in 1910, intensified after World War II, and became formalized under the National Party government. The text highlights key apartheid laws, the impact on non-white populations, international opposition, and the role of leaders like Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk in ending apartheid.

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🔹 Key Concepts Explained

#### 1. Origins of Racial Segregation
- Even before independence in 1910, South African society was racially divided.
- Residential segregation meant that whites lived in prime areas while non-whites were confined to poorer neighborhoods.
- After World War II (early 1940s), economic weakness led to political campaigns to reserve jobs for whites—further entrenching inequality.

#### 2. What Was Apartheid?
- Apartheid ("apartness") was a system of institutionalized racial segregation enforced by the National Party, which ruled South Africa from 1948 to 1994.
- It officially lasted from 1948 to 1991, though its effects continued beyond.

#### 3. Key Apartheid Laws
- Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act: Banned marriages between people of different races.
- Population Registration Act (1950): Assigned every person a single racial category (e.g., white, black, colored, Indian).
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act: Separated public facilities (toilets, buses, hospitals, etc.) by race.
- Homesteads (Bantustans) Act (1959): Created "homelands" or self-governing territories for non-white South Africans. Over 3.5 million people were forcibly relocated into these impoverished rural areas.

#### 4. International Reaction
- Apartheid was widely condemned globally.
- The United States and United Kingdom supported anti-apartheid movements.
- Economic sanctions, boycotts, and trade embargoes were imposed on South Africa.

#### 5. End of Apartheid
- F.W. de Klerk became president in 1989 and initiated reforms:
- Lifted the ban on anti-apartheid organizations (like the ANC).
- Repealed the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act.
- Released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years.
- Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), became South Africa's first democratically elected president in 1994.
- He served until 1999, symbolizing the end of apartheid.

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🔹 Visual Element: The Photo

The photo shows F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shaking hands at a forum in 1992. This moment represents the peaceful transition from apartheid to democracy. Their collaboration was crucial in ending decades of racial oppression.

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🔹 Conclusion: What Changed?

The apartheid system was ultimately ended through:
- Political leadership (de Klerk’s reforms).
- Massive resistance (led by Mandela and the ANC).
- International pressure.
- Negotiations and reconciliation.

By 1994, South Africa held its first democratic elections, allowing all citizens—regardless of race—to vote. This marked the official end of apartheid.

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✔ Final Answer (if this were a task)

If the task was to explain how apartheid ended, here's a concise answer:

> Apartheid in South Africa ended due to a combination of internal resistance, international pressure, and political reform. Under President F.W. de Klerk, the government lifted bans on anti-apartheid groups, repealed discriminatory laws, and released Nelson Mandela from prison. Mandela then led the country toward democracy, culminating in the first fully democratic elections in 1994, where he became president. This peaceful transition marked the end of institutionalized racial segregation.

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