Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton - Anatomy and Physiology ... - Free Printable

Let’s solve this step by step.

We are looking at a diagram of the human arm bones — specifically, the humerus (upper arm bone) and the forearm bones (radius and ulna), shown from both front (anterior) and back (posterior) views. The small skeleton in the top left shows that we’re focusing on the right arm (highlighted in blue).

The task is to label all the blank boxes with the correct anatomical names for the parts being pointed to.

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Step 1: Understand the bones involved

- Humerus = upper arm bone (from shoulder to elbow)
- Radius = thumb-side forearm bone
- Ulna = pinky-side forearm bone

In the anterior view (front), the radius is on the lateral side (outside), and the ulna is on the medial side (inside). In the posterior view (back), it’s reversed visually because you’re seeing the back of the arm.

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Step 2: Label the top part (shoulder end of humerus)

Looking at the top of the humerus:

- The rounded head that fits into the shoulder socket → Head of humerus
- The bump just below the head on the outside → Greater tubercle
- The smaller bump on the inside → Lesser tubercle
- The groove between them → Intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)

These are labeled on both anterior and posterior views — but note: some structures are only visible from one side.

From the diagram:

Top center box (pointing to the very top round part) → Head of humerus

Box to its left (on anterior view) → Greater tubercle

Box below that (still anterior) → Lesser tubercle

Box pointing to the groove between them → Intertubercular sulcus

On the posterior view, the greater tubercle is still visible from behind, so the box on the far right top → Greater tubercle (same structure, different view)

Wait — let’s match lines carefully.

Actually, looking again:

There are two sets of labels at the top — one set for anterior view (left side of image), one for posterior (right side).

Anterior view (left):

- Topmost line → Head of humerus
- Next line down, pointing to outer bump → Greater tubercle
- Next line, inner bump → Lesser tubercle
- Line pointing to groove → Intertubercular sulcus

Posterior view (right):

- Top line → Head of humerus (same as left)
- Line pointing to outer bump → Greater tubercle (visible from back too)
- No lesser tubercle labeled here? Actually, in posterior view, the lesser tubercle is hidden, so probably not labeled.

But in the diagram, there’s a box on the far right top — likely pointing to the head or greater tubercle.

Let me reorient.

Actually, standard labeling:

For the proximal humerus (top part):

Anterior view labels (left side of diagram):

1. Top box → Head of humerus
2. Box below it, pointing to lateral prominence → Greater tubercle
3. Box below that, pointing to medial prominence → Lesser tubercle
4. Box pointing to the groove between them → Intertubercular sulcus

Posterior view (right side):

5. Top box → Head of humerus (same)
6. Box pointing to lateral prominence → Greater tubercle (still visible from back)
7. There’s no lesser tubercle label on posterior — correct, since it’s anterior-only feature.

Now, moving down the shaft.

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Step 3: Shaft of humerus

Middle section — long straight part.

Two boxes in middle, one on each side, pointing to the shaft.

→ Both should be Shaft of humerus or simply Body of humerus

Sometimes called “diaphysis”, but for basic anatomy, “shaft” is fine.

So:

Left middle box → Shaft of humerus

Right middle box → Shaft of humerus

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Step 4: Distal end (elbow end) of humerus

This is more complex.

At the bottom of the humerus, there are condyles and epicondyles.

Anterior view (left bottom):

- Lateral epicondyle (outer bump) → Lateral epicondyle
- Medial epicondyle (inner bump) → Medial epicondyle
- Capitulum (rounded knob on lateral side, articulates with radius) → Capitulum
- Trochlea (spool-shaped part on medial side, articulates with ulna) → Trochlea

Also, above the condyles:

- Radial fossa (depression above capitulum, where radius head fits when flexed) → Radial fossa
- Coronoid fossa (above trochlea, where coronoid process of ulna fits) → Coronoid fossa

Posterior view (right bottom):

- Olecranon fossa (deep depression at back, where olecranon of ulna fits when extended) → Olecranon fossa
- Also, lateral and medial epicondyles are visible from back too.

Let’s map the boxes.

Anterior view (bottom left):

Boxes from top to bottom on left side:

First box (pointing to outer bump near elbow) → Lateral epicondyle

Second box (pointing to inner bump) → Medial epicondyle

Third box (pointing to rounded lateral articular surface) → Capitulum

Fourth box (pointing to spool-shaped medial articular surface) → Trochlea

Then, above those, there might be fossae.

In the diagram, there are also boxes pointing to depressions.

Looking at anterior view:

Above the capitulum and trochlea, there are two small boxes pointing to shallow depressions.

One above capitulum → Radial fossa

One above trochlea → Coronoid fossa

Similarly, on posterior view, one big deep depression → Olecranon fossa

Also, on posterior view, the epicondyles are labeled again.

Now, the forearm bones.

At the very bottom, attached to the humerus, are the radius and ulna.

In anterior view:

- Radius is on the lateral side (thumb side) → so the bone on the left at bottom (in anterior view) is radius
- Ulna is on medial side → right bone at bottom in anterior view

But wait — in anterior view of right arm:

When palm is forward (anatomical position), radius is lateral (outside), ulna is medial (inside).

So in anterior view (left side of diagram), the bone on the left at bottom is radius, on the right is ulna.

In posterior view (right side of diagram), since we’re looking at the back, the radius is now on the right side of the image, ulna on left.

Labels at bottom:

Anterior view (left bottom):

Box pointing to the lateral forearm bone → Radius

Box pointing to the medial forearm bone → Ulna

Also, specific parts:

Head of radius (top of radius, articulates with capitulum) → may be labeled

Olecranon process of ulna (the pointy part at back of elbow) → labeled in posterior view

In posterior view, the olecranon is prominent.

So let’s list all boxes systematically.

I’ll number the boxes based on their positions.

But since the user didn’t provide numbers, I need to describe which label goes where.

Perhaps better to list the answers in order as they appear in the diagram, left to right, top to bottom.

Let me try to group them.

Top section (proximal humerus):

Left column (anterior view):

1. Top box → Head of humerus

2. Below it → Greater tubercle

3. Below that → Lesser tubercle

4. Pointing to groove → Intertubercular sulcus

Center top (shared?):

There’s a box in the very top center — probably also Head of humerus, but maybe redundant.

Actually, looking at the diagram, there are three boxes at the very top: one centered, one left, one right.

Centered top box → likely Head of humerus

Left top box → Greater tubercle (anterior)

Right top box → Greater tubercle (posterior) — same structure

Then below center, a box pointing to the groove → Intertubercular sulcus

And below that, on left, Lesser tubercle

On right, no lesser tubercle.

Then middle shaft:

Left middle box → Shaft of humerus

Right middle box → Shaft of humerus

Bottom section (distal humerus and forearm):

Anterior view (left bottom):

Boxes:

- Pointing to lateral epicondyle → Lateral epicondyle

- Pointing to medial epicondyle → Medial epicondyle

- Pointing to radial fossa (above capitulum) → Radial fossa

- Pointing to coronoid fossa (above trochlea) → Coronoid fossa

- Pointing to capitulum → Capitulum

- Pointing to trochlea → Trochlea

- Pointing to radius → Radius

- Pointing to ulna → Ulna

Posterior view (right bottom):

- Pointing to olecranon fossa → Olecranon fossa

- Pointing to lateral epicondyle → Lateral epicondyle

- Pointing to medial epicondyle → Medial epicondyle

- Pointing to ulna (since in posterior, ulna is more medial, but in image, on right side, the bone on the left at bottom is ulna? Let's think.

In posterior view of right arm:

When you look at the back of the right arm, the ulna is on the medial side (closer to body), which would be on the left side of the image if the arm is hanging down.

Standard: in posterior view, for right arm, ulna is on the left side of the image, radius on the right.

Because when you turn your hand to show the back, the thumb moves inward.

So in posterior view (right side of diagram):

Bone on the left at bottom → Ulna

Bone on the right at bottom → Radius

And the olecranon process is part of ulna, sticking up.

So labels:

Posterior view bottom:

Box pointing to the large depression → Olecranon fossa

Box pointing to the bony prominence at very bottom (olecranon) → Olecranon process

Box pointing to the bone on left → Ulna

Box pointing to the bone on right → Radius

Also, epicondyles are labeled.

Now, to compile all answers.

Since the diagram has multiple boxes, and I need to fill them, I'll list the labels in the order they might be expected, but perhaps it's better to provide a complete set.

Given that this is a common anatomy worksheet, the standard labels are:

For proximal humerus:

- Head

- Greater tubercle

- Lesser tubercle

- Intertubercular sulcus

Shaft:

- Body or Shaft

Distal humerus anterior:

- Lateral epicondyle

- Medial epicondyle

- Radial fossa

- Coronoid fossa

- Capitulum

- Trochlea

Forearm anterior:

- Radius

- Ulna

Distal humerus posterior:

- Olecranon fossa

- Lateral epicondyle

- Medial epicondyle

Forearm posterior:

- Ulna (with olecranon)

- Radius

Also, the olecranon process itself might be labeled.

In the diagram, at the very bottom, there are boxes pointing to the ends of the forearm bones.

Specifically, in anterior view, the head of radius might be labeled, but usually not at this level.

I think for this level, the main labels are:

Let me count the boxes.

From the image description, there are approximately:

Top: 5 boxes (head, greater tubercle x2, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus)

Middle: 2 boxes (shaft x2)

Bottom anterior: 6 boxes (lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, radial fossa, coronoid fossa, capitulum, trochlea, radius, ulna — that's 8, but some might be combined)

Perhaps it's better to provide the answers as per standard labeling.

I recall that in many textbooks, the labels for such a diagram are:

Anterior view:

Proximal:

1. Head of humerus

2. Greater tubercle

3. Lesser tubercle

4. Intertubercular sulcus

Shaft:

5. Shaft of humerus

Distal:

6. Lateral epicondyle

7. Medial epicondyle

8. Radial fossa

9. Coronoid fossa

10. Capitulum

11. Trochlea

12. Radius

13. Ulna

Posterior view:

Proximal:

14. Head of humerus (or sometimes not repeated)

15. Greater tubercle

Shaft:

16. Shaft of humerus

Distal:

17. Olecranon fossa

18. Lateral epicondyle

19. Medial epicondyle

20. Olecranon process

21. Ulna

22. Radius

But in the diagram, some boxes are shared or positioned differently.

To simplify, I'll provide the most likely labels for each box based on common practice.

Final decision:

I will list the answers in the order of the boxes as they appear from top to bottom, left to right, assuming the student can match them.

But since I can't see the exact numbering, I'll describe the labels for each region.

Perhaps the best way is to state the correct anatomical terms for each part indicated.

Given the constraints, I'll provide a comprehensive list.

After careful consideration, here are the correct labels:

For the anterior view (left side of diagram):

- Top box (pointing to ball-like top): Head of humerus

- Box below it, pointing to outer bump: Greater tubercle

- Box below that, pointing to inner bump: Lesser tubercle

- Box pointing to the groove between bumps: Intertubercular sulcus

- Middle box (shaft): Shaft of humerus

- Bottom boxes:

- Outer bump at elbow: Lateral epicondyle

- Inner bump at elbow: Medial epicondyle

- Depression above outer articular surface: Radial fossa

- Depression above inner articular surface: Coronoid fossa

- Outer articular surface (round): Capitulum

- Inner articular surface (spool-shaped): Trochlea

- Forearm bone on outer side: Radius

- Forearm bone on inner side: Ulna

For the posterior view (right side of diagram):

- Top box (ball-like top): Head of humerus

- Box pointing to outer bump: Greater tubercle

- Middle box (shaft): Shaft of humerus

- Bottom boxes:

- Large depression at back of elbow: Olecranon fossa

- Outer bump at elbow: Lateral epicondyle

- Inner bump at elbow: Medial epicondyle

- Bony point at very bottom (part of ulna): Olecranon process

- Forearm bone on inner side (which appears on left in posterior view): Ulna

- Forearm bone on outer side (appears on right in posterior view): Radius

Note: In posterior view, the ulna is on the medial side, which for the right arm in posterior view is on the left side of the image.

So, to summarize for the student, the filled-in labels should be:

Anterior view labels (from top to bottom on left):

1. Head of humerus

2. Greater tubercle

3. Lesser tubercle

4. Intertubercular sulcus

5. Shaft of humerus

6. Lateral epicondyle

7. Medial epicondyle

8. Radial fossa

9. Coronoid fossa

10. Capitulum

11. Trochlea

12. Radius

13. Ulna

Posterior view labels (from top to bottom on right):

14. Head of humerus

15. Greater tubercle

16. Shaft of humerus

17. Olecranon fossa

18. Lateral epicondyle

19. Medial epicondyle

20. Olecranon process

21. Ulna

22. Radius

But in the actual diagram, some boxes might be missing or combined.

Given that, and to ensure accuracy, I'll provide the essential labels that are universally accepted.

Final Answer:

The correct anatomical labels for the diagram are:

- Proximal humerus (top): Head of humerus, Greater tubercle, Lesser tubercle, Intertubercular sulcus

- Shaft: Shaft of humerus

- Distal humerus anterior: Lateral epicondyle, Medial epicondyle, Radial fossa, Coronoid fossa, Capitulum, Trochlea

- Forearm anterior: Radius, Ulna

- Distal humerus posterior: Olecranon fossa, Lateral epicondyle, Medial epicondyle, Olecranon process

- Forearm posterior: Ulna, Radius

For the specific boxes in the diagram, match each pointer to these terms based on location.

Since the user needs to fill the blanks, and without exact box numbers, I'll assume the standard labeling.

Upon double-checking with standard anatomy resources, the labels are as above.

So, for the final answer, I'll list them in a way that can be matched.

But to comply with the format, I'll provide the final answer as the set of correct terms.

However, the instruction is to provide the final correct answer after reasoning.

Given that, and since it's a labeling task, the final answer is the list of correct anatomical names for each part.

But to make it practical, I'll state:

The blanks should be filled with the following terms in order from top to bottom, left to right as per typical diagram layout:

Left column (anterior view):

1. Head of humerus

2. Greater tubercle

3. Lesser tubercle

4. Intertubercular sulcus

5. Shaft of humerus

6. Lateral epicondyle

7. Medial epicondyle

8. Radial fossa

9. Coronoid fossa

10. Capitulum

11. Trochlea

12. Radius

13. Ulna

Right column (posterior view):

14. Head of humerus

15. Greater tubercle

16. Shaft of humerus

17. Olecranon fossa

18. Lateral epicondyle

19. Medial epicondyle

20. Olecranon process

21. Ulna

22. Radius

Note: Some diagrams may have fewer boxes; adjust based on what's shown.

But for this response, I'll box the key terms.

Final Answer:
Head of humerus, Greater tubercle, Lesser tubercle, Intertubercular sulcus, Shaft of humerus, Lateral epicondyle, Medial epicondyle, Radial fossa, Coronoid fossa, Capitulum, Trochlea, Radius, Ulna, Olecranon fossa, Olecranon process