Energy worksheet from the Video Guide F15, covering energy types, conversions, and examples

1. Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
2. Two forms of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy.
3. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
4. Energy can be changed from one form to another through processes like combustion, friction, or electrical circuits.
5. When energy is stored in an object, it is called potential energy.
6. Examples of potential energy: a stretched rubber band, water behind a dam, or a book on a shelf.
7. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
8. Examples of kinetic energy: a rolling ball, flowing water, or a moving car.
9. Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s height and mass.
10. Elastic potential energy is stored in objects that are stretched or compressed, like springs or rubber bands.
11. Chemical potential energy is stored in the bonds of molecules and released during chemical reactions.
12. Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of particles in a substance due to their motion.
13. Electrical energy is the energy carried by moving electrons in a circuit.
14. Radiant energy is energy that travels in waves, such as light or radio waves.
15. Sound energy is the energy carried by vibrating particles in a medium like air or water.
16. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released during nuclear fission or fusion.
17. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in a system.
18. Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy.
19. Non-renewable energy sources include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
20. Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years.
21. Solar energy is harnessed using photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems.
22. Wind energy is captured using wind turbines that convert kinetic energy into electricity.
23. Hydroelectric energy is generated by using flowing water to turn turbines.
24. Geothermal energy uses heat from within the Earth to generate electricity or provide heating.
25. Biomass energy comes from organic materials like wood, crops, or waste.
26. Energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same task, reducing waste.
27. Energy transformation occurs when energy changes from one form to another, such as chemical to thermal.
28. Energy transfer happens when energy moves from one object to another, like heat flowing from hot to cold.
29. Friction converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, often causing wear and heat.
30. Machines make work easier by changing the direction, distance, or magnitude of force applied.
31. Simple machines include levers, pulleys, inclined planes, wedges, screws, and wheel-and-axles.
32. A lever is a rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum to lift or move loads.
33. A pulley is a wheel with a groove that holds a rope or cable to change the direction of force.
34. An inclined plane is a sloping surface that reduces the force needed to lift an object.
35. A wedge is a triangular tool that splits or cuts materials by concentrating force.
36. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder, used to hold things together or lift materials.
37. A wheel and axle consists of two connected cylinders that rotate together to multiply force.
38. Compound machines combine two or more simple machines to perform complex tasks.
39. Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force in a machine.
40. Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of useful work output to total energy input, expressed as a percentage.
41. Energy dissipation refers to the loss of usable energy, often as heat due to friction or resistance.
42. Insulators are materials that reduce the transfer of heat or electricity, like rubber or wood.
43. Conductors are materials that allow heat or electricity to flow easily, like metals.
44. Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.
45. Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
46. Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves without needing a medium.
47. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
48. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference.
49. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree.
50. Phase changes involve energy absorption or release without changing temperature, like melting or boiling.