Biology worksheet table asking students to fill in details about carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, including their monomers and polymers.

Here is the completed Biomolecules Worksheet with detailed explanations for each category. I’ve filled in all the requested information: elements, hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature, monomers, polymers, and functions/locations.

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✔ Completed Biomolecules Worksheet

| Biomolecule | Elements in Composition (& Proportions) & Functional Groups | Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic or both? | Monomer Examples (2+ of each) | Polymer Examples* | Functions/Location in the Cell or Body (list @ least 2 for each) |
|----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Carbohydrates | - Elements: C, H, O (in ratio ~1:2:1)<br>- Functional groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O) | Hydrophilic | Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose | Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin | 1. Energy storage (e.g., glycogen in liver/muscle, starch in plants)<br>2. Structural support (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls, chitin in insect exoskeletons) |
| Lipids | - Elements: C, H, O (some contain P)<br>- Functional groups: Ester bonds, hydrocarbon chains | Hydrophobic (mostly), but some have polar heads (like phospholipids) | Glycerol, Fatty acids, Phosphate group (in phospholipids) | Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids | 1. Long-term energy storage (triglycerides in adipose tissue)<br>2. Form cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)<br>3. Hormone signaling (steroids like testosterone, cortisol) |
| Nucleic Acids | - Elements: C, H, O, N, P<br>- Functional groups: Phosphate, nitrogenous bases (purines/pyrimidines), sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) | Both (hydrophilic phosphate groups; hydrophobic bases) | Nucleotides (e.g., ATP, dATP, etc.)<br>Components: Sugar + Base + Phosphate | DNA, RNA | 1. Store genetic information (DNA in nucleus/mitochondria)<br>2. Protein synthesis (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA in ribosomes)<br>3. Gene regulation (non-coding RNAs) |
| Proteins | - Elements: C, H, O, N, S (some contain Fe, Zn, etc.)<br>- Functional groups: Amino (-NH₂), carboxyl (-COOH), R groups vary | Varies (can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on amino acid side chains) | Amino acids (e.g., Alanine, Lysine, Cysteine, Serine) | Hemoglobin, Collagen, Enzymes, Antibodies, Insulin | 1. Enzymatic catalysis (e.g., amylase breaks down starch)<br>2. Structural support (e.g., collagen in connective tissues)<br>3. Transport (e.g., hemoglobin carries oxygen)<br>4. Immune defense (antibodies)<br>5. Hormonal signaling (e.g., insulin regulates blood sugar) |

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🔍 Explanation of Key Concepts

#### 1. Carbohydrates
- Composition: Made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- Functional Groups: Hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) make them polar and water-soluble.
- Hydrophilicity: Hydrophilic due to many -OH groups.
- Monomers: Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, galactose.
- Polymers: Polysaccharides such as:
- Starch – energy storage in plants
- Glycogen – energy storage in animals
- Cellulose – structural in plants
- Chitin – structural in fungi and insects
- Functions: Quick energy source, structural roles.

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#### 2. Lipids
- Composition: Mostly C, H, O; phospholipids also contain P.
- Functional Groups: Ester linkages; long hydrocarbon tails are nonpolar.
- Hydrophobicity: Hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic head in phospholipids → amphipathic.
- Monomers: Glycerol + fatty acids (for triglycerides); glycerol + fatty acids + phosphate (for phospholipids).
- Polymers:
- Triglycerides – fat molecules
- Phospholipids – form membranes
- Waxes – protective coatings
- Steroids – cholesterol, hormones
- Functions: Energy storage, membrane structure, hormone production.

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#### 3. Nucleic Acids
- Composition: C, H, O, N, P.
- Functional Groups: Phosphate (negatively charged), nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, U), sugar (deoxyribose or ribose).
- Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic: Mixed – phosphate groups are hydrophilic, bases are hydrophobic.
- Monomers: Nucleotides (each has sugar + base + phosphate).
- Polymers:
- DNA – double helix, stores genetic info
- RNA – single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis
- Functions: Genetic coding, protein synthesis, gene regulation.

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#### 4. Proteins
- Composition: C, H, O, N, S (and others in some cases).
- Functional Groups: Amino (-NH₂), carboxyl (-COOH), variable R groups.
- Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic: Depends on amino acid side chains (R groups). Some are hydrophobic, some hydrophilic.
- Monomers: Amino acids (20 types, e.g., alanine, lysine, serine).
- Polymers: Polypeptides that fold into functional proteins:
- Enzymes (e.g., lactase)
- Structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen)
- Transport proteins (e.g., hemoglobin)
- Antibodies (immune response)
- Hormones (e.g., insulin)
- Functions: Catalysis, structure, transport, signaling, immunity, movement.

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✔ Note on "Polymers": Not all biomolecules form polymers. For example, lipids do not typically form polymers from repeating monomers like carbs or proteins. However, we list common lipid-based macromolecules (like triglycerides and phospholipids) because they are large molecules formed by joining monomers via dehydration synthesis.

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