1. The process of water moving across the body's cell membranes is called osmosis.
2. Some cells use energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient; this is called active transport.
3. When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will swell and possibly burst (lyse).
4. Passive diffusion allows molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy input.
5. When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it will lose water and shrink (plasmolysis).
6. The energy required for active transport comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
7. The rate of diffusion increases with temperature because molecules move faster.
8. Osmosis is a special type of diffusion involving water moving across a selectively permeable membrane.
9. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins or channel proteins to help molecules cross the membrane without energy.
10. A cell becomes turgid when it takes in water and swells, pressing against the cell wall (in plant cells).
11. Endocytosis involves the cell membrane engulfing material to bring it inside the cell.
12. Exocytosis involves vesicles fusing with the cell membrane to release substances outside the cell.
13. The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell per ATP used.
14. Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration during osmosis.
15. Diffusion occurs due to random molecular motion until equilibrium is reached.
16. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move down their concentration gradient through specific membrane proteins.
17. Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
18. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.
19. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a flexible bilayer with embedded proteins.
20. Ion channels are protein pores that allow specific ions to pass through the membrane down their gradient.
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