Final Answer:
1. a) CH₃–CH(OH)–CH₃
b) CH₃–CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–C≡CH
c) OHC–(CH₂)₄–COOH
d) (CH₃)₂CH–CH(CH₃)–CH₂–CH₃
2. a) C₁₂H₉NO
b) C₇H₁₄O
c) C₆H₇N
d) C₈H₁₄O
e) C₈H₇F₂N
f) C₅H₈O
g) C₁₀H₁₂O₂
h) C₆H₁₀
i) C₆H₅NO₂
3. a) ✗ → correct: 2,2-dimethylpentane ✔
b) ✗ → correct: 2,5,7-trimethyloctane ✔
c) ✗ → correct: 4-chloro-2-methylpentane ✔
d) ✗ → correct: but-3-en-1-yne (but-4-en-1-yne is invalid; numbering must give lowest numbers to multiple bonds, and double bond gets priority if tie) → actually, correct IUPAC: pent-1-en-4-yne is preferred over but-3-en-1-yne — but given 4 carbons, it's invalid; likely intended: *but-1-en-3-yne* is correct name for HC≡C–CH=CH₂, so “but-4-en-1-yne” is wrong. Correct answer:
but-1-en-3-yne
e) ✗ → correct: 2-hydroxyethanoic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid), but IUPAC prefers *2-hydroxyethanoic acid* ✔
f) ✗ → correct: pentan-2-ol
g) ✗ → correct: 2-ethylpent-2-ene is invalid (longest chain is 6 C → 3-methylhex-2-ene)
h) ✗ → correct: hex-1-ene (not 1-ene)
i) ✗ → correct: 4-ethyl-3-methylhexane ✔
j) ✗ → correct: pent-1-ene (not Pent-4-ene)
4. a) cyclopentylpropane
b) 2-methylbutane
c) pentane
d) but-2-ene
e) 3-methylpent-1-ene
f) butanal
g) ethanol
h) 3-methylbutanal
i) 2,3-dimethylpentane
j) buta-1,3-diene
k) 3-methylpent-2-ene
l) 2-nitropropane
m) 2-methoxyethanol
n) aminoethene (or ethenamine)
5. a) Resonance effect
b) Inductive effect
c) Electromeric effect
d) Hyperconjugation
6. a) Nucleophile = electron-pair donor (e.g., OH⁻); Electrophile = electron-pair acceptor (e.g., H⁺)
b) Heterolytic fission = bond breaks unevenly (one atom gets both electrons); Homolytic fission = bond breaks evenly (each atom gets one electron)
7. Distillation = heating liquid to vaporize, then condensing vapor (used for liquids with >25°C boiling point difference).
Distillation under reduced pressure = lowers boiling point by reducing pressure (for heat-sensitive or high-boiling compounds).
Steam distillation = used for immiscible mixtures (e.g., essential oils); mixture boils below 100°C because total vapor pressure = sum of partial pressures.
8. Example for distillation: purify ethanol from water (bp 78°C vs 100°C).
Reduced-pressure example: purify glycerol (bp 290°C at 1 atm → ~200°C at 20 mmHg).
Steam distillation example: extract limonene from orange peel — boils at ~90°C with steam, though pure limonene bp is 176°C.
Parent Tip: Review the logic above to help your child master the concept of chemistry worksheet pdf.
