Problem Description:
The image shows various substances and materials, along with the term "Covalent Bonding" in the center. The task is to identify which of these substances exhibit
covalent bonding as their primary type of chemical bonding.
Solution:
#### Step 1: Understanding Covalent Bonding
-
Covalent Bonding: This type of bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. It is typically found in molecules where non-metal atoms are bonded together.
- Examples include compounds like water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and organic molecules.
#### Step 2: Analyzing Each Substance
1.
Sugar Crystals (Sucrose):
- Sugar (sucrose) is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- These atoms form covalent bonds with each other to create the sucrose molecule.
-
Conclusion: Sugar crystals exhibit covalent bonding.
2.
Vinegar:
- Vinegar is primarily acetic acid (CH₃COOH).
- Acetic acid is a molecular compound where carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are bonded covalently.
-
Conclusion: Vinegar exhibits covalent bonding.
3.
Plastic Bottles:
- Plastics are polymers made from long chains of repeating units (monomers).
- The monomers are typically held together by covalent bonds.
-
Conclusion: Plastic bottles exhibit covalent bonding.
4.
Air:
- Air is a mixture of gases, including nitrogen (N₂), oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and others.
- Nitrogen and oxygen exist as diatomic molecules held together by covalent bonds.
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂) also has covalent bonds between carbon and oxygen.
-
Conclusion: Air contains molecules that exhibit covalent bonding.
5.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas):
- LPG typically consists of propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀).
- Both propane and butane are hydrocarbons with covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms.
-
Conclusion: LPG exhibits covalent bonding.
6.
Nail Polish Remover:
- Nail polish remover often contains acetone (CH₃COCH₃) or other organic solvents.
- Acetone is a molecular compound with covalent bonds between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
-
Conclusion: Nail polish remover exhibits covalent bonding.
7.
Diamond:
- Diamond is a form of carbon where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.
-
Conclusion: Diamond exhibits covalent bonding.
#### Step 3: Final Answer
All the substances listed in the image exhibit covalent bonding as their primary type of chemical bonding. Therefore, the answer is:
\[
\boxed{\text{All of them}}
\]
Parent Tip: Review the logic above to help your child master the concept of covalent compounds list.
