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🔬 What is Molarity?

Molarity (M) is a measure of the concentration of a solution, defined as:

\[
\text{Molarity (M)} = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}
\]

The formula is:

\[
M = \frac{n}{V}
\]

Where:
- \( M \) = molarity (mol/L)
- \( n \) = moles of solute
- \( V \) = volume of solution in liters

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Common Types of Problems on This Worksheet

Here are examples of typical questions and how to solve them:

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#### ✔ Example 1: Calculate Molarity
> What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 0.5 moles of NaCl in 2.0 L of water?

Solution:
\[
M = \frac{0.5 \text{ mol}}{2.0 \text{ L}} = 0.25 \text{ M}
\]

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#### ✔ Example 2: Find Moles Given Molarity and Volume
> How many moles of H₂SO₄ are in 3.0 L of a 0.4 M solution?

Solution:
\[
n = M \times V = 0.4 \, \text{mol/L} \times 3.0 \, \text{L} = 1.2 \, \text{moles}
\]

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#### ✔ Example 3: Find Volume Given Moles and Molarity
> What volume (in liters) of a 2.0 M solution contains 0.8 moles of solute?

Solution:
\[
V = \frac{n}{M} = \frac{0.8}{2.0} = 0.4 \, \text{L}
\]

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#### ✔ Example 4: Use Mass to Find Molarity
> What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 18.0 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆, molar mass = 180 g/mol) in 500 mL of water?

Step 1: Convert grams to moles
\[
\text{moles} = \frac{18.0 \, \text{g}}{180 \, \text{g/mol}} = 0.1 \, \text{mol}
\]

Step 2: Convert mL to L
\[
500 \, \text{mL} = 0.5 \, \text{L}
\]

Step 3: Calculate molarity
\[
M = \frac{0.1 \, \text{mol}}{0.5 \, \text{L}} = 0.2 \, \text{M}
\]

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🧪 Tips for Solving Molarity Problems:

1. Always convert volume to liters.
2. If given mass, convert to moles using molar mass.
3. Use the formula: \( M = \frac{n}{V} \), rearrange as needed.
4. Pay attention to significant figures.

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