Transcription and Translation 18 a Label the | StudyX - Free Printable

Let's solve this step-by-step based on the diagram and the provided word list.

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Part (a): Label the diagram using the word list

We are given a diagram showing both transcription (top) and translation (bottom), with numbered labels to fill in. We also need to label the 5' and 3' ends of DNA and RNA strands.

#### Step 1: Understand the processes

- Transcription: Occurs in the nucleus (in eukaryotes). DNA is used as a template to make mRNA.
- Translation: Occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA is read by ribosomes to build a polypeptide chain using tRNA.

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Top Diagram – Transcription

This shows the process of transcription, where RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes mRNA.

Let’s identify each labeled part:

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#### Labeling the Top Diagram (Transcription)

1. mRNA (transcription)
- This is the newly synthesized RNA strand being made from the DNA template. It starts at the 5’ end and grows toward the 3’ end.

2. RNA polymerase
- The enzyme that catalyzes transcription. It moves along the DNA template strand and adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA.

3. DNA – template strand
- The strand of DNA that is used as a template for mRNA synthesis. It runs 3' → 5' in the direction of RNA polymerase movement.

4. Nucleus
- The organelle where transcription occurs in eukaryotic cells.

5. DNA – coding strand
- The strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA (except T instead of U). It is not used as a template.

6. Nuclear membrane
- The membrane surrounding the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.

7. Nucleotide
- Building blocks of DNA and RNA. Shown as individual bases (A, T, C, G, U).

8. Transcription
- The overall process shown in the top diagram.

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#### Bottom Diagram – Translation

This shows translation, where mRNA is read by a ribosome and tRNA brings amino acids to form a peptide.

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#### Labeling the Bottom Diagram (Translation)

6. Ribosome
- The structure that reads the mRNA codons and facilitates tRNA binding.

7. mRNA (translation)
- The mature mRNA being translated into protein. It contains codons (e.g., AUG, UCA, etc.).

8. tRNA with amino acid
- A tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid (e.g., Met, Ile, Ser, Ala, Glu).

9. Amino acid
- Individual building blocks of proteins (e.g., Methionine = Met, Isoleucine = Ile, etc.)

10. Peptide
- The growing chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

11. Codon
- A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA (e.g., GCA, which codes for alanine).

12. Anticodon
- The complementary sequence on tRNA that pairs with the mRNA codon. For example, if mRNA has GCA, tRNA has CGU.

13. tRNA without amino acid
- A tRNA that has delivered its amino acid and is now empty.

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Part (b): Label the 5’ and 3’ ends

We need to label the 5’ and 3’ ends of all DNA and RNA strands.

Let’s go through each strand:

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#### In the top diagram (transcription):

- DNA template strand:
- The strand being read by RNA polymerase. It runs 3' → 5' in the direction of RNA synthesis.
- So, the left end is 3' and the right end is 5' (since RNA polymerase moves 3'→5' on the template).
- But the diagram already shows 3' near the right end of the template strand — so we confirm:
- Left end of template strand: 5'
- Right end of template strand: 3'

- DNA coding strand:
- This strand runs 5' → 3' in the same direction as the mRNA.
- Since the template strand is 3' → 5', the coding strand is 5' → 3'.
- So:
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

- mRNA strand:
- Synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction, complementary to the template strand.
- So:
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

> ✔ All RNA and DNA strands should be labeled accordingly.

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#### In the bottom diagram (translation):

- mRNA strand:
- Already labeled with bases: AUGAUACAG...
- Direction: 5' → 3', because ribosome reads it from 5' to 3'.
- So:
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

- tRNA anticodon loops:
- The anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
- For example, tRNA with CGU anticodon binds to GCA codon on mRNA.

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Now, let's assign the correct labels to the numbers:

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🔹 Final Answers:

#### (a) Labels for numbers:

1. mRNA (transcription)
2. RNA polymerase
3. DNA – template strand
4. Nucleus
5. DNA – coding strand
6. Ribosome
7. mRNA (translation)
8. tRNA with amino acid
9. Amino acid
10. Peptide
11. Codon
12. Anticodon
13. tRNA without amino acid

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#### (b) 5’ and 3’ labeling:

- DNA template strand:
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

- DNA coding strand:
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

- mRNA (top):
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

- mRNA (bottom):
- Left end: 5'
- Right end: 3'

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Labels for boxes A, B, C, D:

These represent the processes or locations:

- A: Transcription
- Because this is the top process (DNA → mRNA)

- B: Nuclear membrane
- The membrane separating nucleus from cytoplasm

- C: Cytoplasm
- Where translation occurs

- D: Translation
- The bottom process (mRNA → protein)

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✔ Final Answer Summary:

#### (a) Numbered Labels:

| # | Label |
|---|-------|
| 1 | mRNA (transcription) |
| 2 | RNA polymerase |
| 3 | DNA – template strand |
| 4 | Nucleus |
| 5 | DNA – coding strand |
| 6 | Ribosome |
| 7 | mRNA (translation) |
| 8 | tRNA with amino acid |
| 9 | Amino acid |
| 10 | Peptide |
| 11 | Codon |
| 12 | Anticodon |
| 13 | tRNA without amino acid |

#### (b) 5’ and 3’ Ends:

- DNA template strand: 5' (left), 3' (right)
- DNA coding strand: 5' (left), 3' (right)
- mRNA (both): 5' (left), 3' (right)

#### Boxes:

- A: Transcription
- B: Nuclear membrane
- C: Cytoplasm
- D: Translation

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Let me know if you'd like a visual version or explanation of how the codons/anticodons pair!