Transcription and Translation 18 a Label the | StudyX - Free Printable

Here is the step-by-step solution to label the diagram correctly.

Step 1: Analyze the Top Section (Transcription)

The top part of the diagram shows DNA inside a nucleus being copied into mRNA. This process is called transcription.

* Box A: This box points to the entire top section where DNA is turning into RNA. The correct term for this process is transcription.
* Label 1: This points to the single strand being created from the DNA. Since it contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T), it is RNA. Specifically, it is the messenger RNA being made. So, this is mRNA (transcription).
* Label 2: This points to the large enzyme complex moving along the DNA and building the RNA strand. The enzyme that builds RNA is RNA polymerase.
* Label 3: These are the individual building blocks floating nearby that get added to the chain. They are called nucleotides.
* Label 4: This points to the double-helix structure itself, which is DNA. To be specific about the strands:
* The strand on the bottom (the one being read/copied) is the DNA - template strand.
* The strand on the top (which matches the mRNA sequence mostly) is the DNA - coding strand.
* *Note: In many diagrams like this, Label 4 generally refers to the whole DNA molecule or specifically the template strand being accessed. Given the word list, "DNA - template strand" is the best fit for the active part being read.*
* Label 5: This points to the boundary surrounding the DNA. This is the nuclear membrane (or nuclear envelope).
* Box B: This arrow represents the movement of the mRNA out of the nucleus and into the cell body. This general area outside the nucleus is the cytoplasm.

Step 2: Analyze the Bottom Section (Translation)

The bottom part shows the mRNA being read by a ribosome to build a protein chain. This process is called translation.

* Box C: This box points to the entire bottom section where the protein is being built. The correct term for this process is translation.
* Label 6: This large oval structure clamped onto the mRNA is the machine that builds proteins. It is the ribosome.
* Label 7: This points to the long strand of genetic code passing through the ribosome. This is the mRNA (translation).
* Label 8: This points to the cloverleaf-shaped molecule carrying an amino acid. This is tRNA with amino acid.
* Label 9: This points to the chain of circles labeled Met, Ile, Ser, Ala. These circles are amino acids linked together. The chain is called a peptide (or polypeptide).
* Label 10: This points to the individual circle labeled "Met" (Methionine). This is an amino acid.
* Label 11: This points to the three letters on the mRNA strand (e.g., GCA). A group of three bases on mRNA is called a codon.
* Label 12: This points to the three letters on the tRNA that match the codon (e.g., CGU). This matching triplet is called an anticodon.
* Label 13: This points to a tRNA molecule that has already dropped off its amino acid (notice it has no circle attached to the bottom). This is tRNA without amino acid.
* Box D: This arrow indicates the direction of the growing protein chain leaving the ribosome. While the box is positioned near the cytoplasm label, in the context of the flow, it often just reinforces the location as cytoplasm or simply indicates the continuation of the process. However, looking at the word list, we have used most terms. Let's re-evaluate Box B and D. Usually, these boxes label the *location*.
* Box A = Transcription (Process)
* Box B = Nucleus (Location where A happens)? Or Cytoplasm? The arrow goes from Nucleus to Cytoplasm. Let's look at the labels again.
* Actually, usually Box A and C are the processes. Box B and D are likely the locations.
* Box A: transcription
* Box B: The arrow originates in the nucleus area. But wait, the arrow spans the gap. Let's look at the remaining words. We have "nucleus" left. Box B is pointing to the space *above* the membrane line? No, the line separates them.
* Let's refine:
* A: transcription
* B: nucleus (The top compartment)
* C: translation
* D: cytoplasm (The bottom compartment)

Let's double-check the labels 1-13 with the remaining words.
Words used so far: transcription, mRNA (transcription), RNA polymerase, nucleotide, DNA - template strand, nuclear membrane, translation, ribosome, mRNA (translation), tRNA with amino acid, peptide, amino acid, codon, anticodon, tRNA without amino acid.

Remaining words from list:
* DNA - coding strand
* nucleus
* cytoplasm

Let's re-assign based on standard diagram conventions:
* A: transcription (The process name)
* B: nucleus (The organelle where transcription happens)
* C: translation (The process name)
* D: cytoplasm (The fluid where translation happens)

Now for the numbered lines:
1. mRNA (transcription) - The new strand being made.
2. RNA polymerase - The enzyme.
3. nucleotide - The free-floating building block.
4. DNA - template strand - The bottom DNA strand being read. (Or potentially just "DNA", but "template strand" is more precise for the interaction shown). *Self-correction*: Label 4 points to the double helix structure generally, but specifically the bottom strand is interacting. Let's assume 4 is DNA - template strand. What about the top strand? There isn't a separate number for the top strand. Is there a label for "DNA - coding strand"? Looking closely at label 4, it points to the bottom strand. Is there another label? No. Wait, look at label 5. It points to the membrane.
* Let's check if I missed a label.
* Labels: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in top. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 in bottom.
* Word list count: 18 items.
* Boxes: A, B, C, D (4 items).
* Numbers: 1-13 (13 items).
* Total slots: 17.
* Total words: 18.
* One word might be extra or combined. "DNA - coding strand" is likely the distractor or implied, OR label 4 refers to the whole DNA and we need to distinguish.
* Actually, let's look at Label 4 again. It points to the bottom strand. Label 5 points to the membrane.
* Is it possible Label 4 is "DNA - coding strand"? No, the coding strand is the non-template one (top). The bottom one is the template.
* Let's stick with: 4 = DNA - template strand.
* What about DNA - coding strand? It might not be explicitly labeled with a number, or perhaps Label 4 is meant to be generic "DNA" and the specific strands aren't differentiated by number? But "DNA - template strand" is in the list.
* Let's look at Label 1 again. It points to the 5' end of the new RNA.
* Let's look at Label 3. It points to a free nucleotide.
* Let's look at Label 5. Nuclear membrane.

Let's re-read the diagram carefully.
Top part:
A: transcription
1: mRNA (transcription)
2: RNA polymerase
3: nucleotide
4: DNA - template strand (The strand being copied)
5: nuclear membrane
B: nucleus (The location)

Bottom part:
C: translation
6: ribosome
7: mRNA (translation)
8: tRNA with amino acid
9: peptide (The chain)
10: amino acid (The single unit)
11: codon (On mRNA)
12: anticodon (On tRNA)
13: tRNA without amino acid
D: cytoplasm (The location)

Unused word: DNA - coding strand. This is acceptable; sometimes diagrams don't label every single component if the focus is on the mechanism. The template strand is the critical one for transcription mechanics shown here.

Part (b): Labeling 5' and 3' ends
* DNA Strands: DNA strands are antiparallel.
* The template strand (bottom) runs 3' to 5' in the direction of transcription (left to right in the bubble? No, RNA polymerase reads 3'->5' and synthesizes 5'->3').
* Look at the newly formed mRNA (Label 1). It has a 5' label at the left end (the tail sticking out).
* Therefore, the mRNA is growing 5' to 3'. The left end is 5', the right end (inside the polymerase) is 3'.
* The DNA template strand must be antiparallel to the mRNA. So, where mRNA is 5', DNA template is 3'. Where mRNA is 3' (growing end), DNA template is 5'.
* So, on the bottom DNA strand: Left side is 3', Right side is 5'.
* On the top DNA strand (coding): It is parallel to mRNA. Left side is 5', Right side is 3'.
* mRNA Strand:
* The diagram already labels the left end of the emerging mRNA as 5'.
* The end being synthesized inside the polymerase is the 3' end.

*Summary for Part (b):*
* mRNA: Left end = 5', Right end (growing) = 3'.
* DNA Template (bottom): Left end = 3', Right end = 5'.
* DNA Coding (top): Left end = 5', Right end = 3'.

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Final Answer:

(a) Diagram Labels:

* A: transcription
* B: nucleus
* C: translation
* D: cytoplasm
* 1: mRNA (transcription)
* 2: RNA polymerase
* 3: nucleotide
* 4: DNA - template strand
* 5: nuclear membrane
* 6: ribosome
* 7: mRNA (translation)
* 8: tRNA with amino acid
* 9: peptide
* 10: amino acid
* 11: codon
* 12: anticodon
* 13: tRNA without amino acid

*(Note: "DNA - coding strand" is the only term from the list not explicitly assigned to a number, as Label 4 specifically indicates the template strand being read.)*

(b) 5' and 3' Ends:

* mRNA Strand: The end hanging out to the left (labeled 1) is 5'. The end inside the enzyme (right side) is 3'.
* DNA Template Strand (Bottom): The left end is 3'. The right end is 5'.
* DNA Coding Strand (Top): The left end is 5'. The right end is 3'.