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- 13 colonies: The original British colonies that declared independence and formed the United States.
- Colonial territory: Areas under U.S. control before statehood, often organized by Congress.
- Louisiana Purchase: Land bought from France in 1803, doubling the size of the U.S.
- Mexican War: Conflict (1846–1848) resulting in U.S. acquisition of southwestern territories.
- Gadsden Purchase: Land bought from Mexico in 1853 for a southern railroad route.
- Oregon Territory: Region jointly occupied with Britain, later divided at the 49th Parallel.
- Ceded by Spain: Territories like Florida transferred to the U.S. via treaty.
- 49th Parallel: Border established between U.S. and British Canada after Oregon Treaty.
- Hawaii Annexation: Islands formally annexed by the U.S. in 1898.
- Texas Annexation: Texas joined the Union as a state in 1845 after being an independent republic.
- Alaska Purchase: Land bought from Russia in 1867, known as “Seward’s Folly.”