1. This quote reflects restraint because Justice Charles Evans Hughes is emphasizing that the Constitution is not a static document but one that adapts to changing times, implying judges should interpret it with flexibility rather than rigidly imposing their own views.
2. This quote reflects activism because Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. suggests that judicial decisions are influenced by the judge’s personal beliefs and experiences, indicating that judges actively shape the law based on their perspectives rather than merely applying it neutrally.
3. This quote reflects restraint because Justice John M. Harlan II argues that the Constitution should be viewed as a framework for public order and safety, suggesting judges should defer to legislative authority and avoid overreaching into policy matters.
4. This quote reflects activism because Justice Thurgood Marshall asserts that the Constitution is a living document shaped by evolving societal values, implying judges have a role in interpreting it dynamically to reflect contemporary moral and social standards.
5. This quote reflects restraint because Justice Antonin Scalia advocates for originalism — interpreting the Constitution according to its original meaning at the time of ratification — which limits judicial power by constraining interpretation to historical intent rather than allowing judges to adapt it to modern values.
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