Miller & Levine Biology Workbook 2019 — Teachers Choice - Free Printable

Let's solve the problems step by step based on the content of the textbook page you've uploaded.

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Part 1: Visual Reading Tool – Chemical Bonds

1. What kind of chemical bond holds the water molecule together?
✔ Answer: Covalent bonds
👉 *Explanation:* In a water molecule (H₂O), oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms. This sharing of electrons forms covalent bonds. The diagram shows shared electrons between O and H atoms.

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2. What particles are shared between the atoms in the molecule?
✔ Answer: Electrons
👉 *Explanation:* As stated in the text, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. In water, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms share valence electrons.

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3. What is the other main type of chemical bond?
✔ Answer: Ionic bonds
👉 *Explanation:* The text says the two main types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent. Ionic bonds occur when electrons are transferred, not shared.

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4. What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
✔ Answer:
- In covalent bonds, electrons are shared between atoms.
- In ionic bonds, electrons are transferred from one atom to another, forming ions that are attracted to each other.

👉 *Explanation:* The key difference lies in how electrons are handled: sharing vs. transfer. Covalent bonds form molecules; ionic bonds form ionic compounds (like salts).

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Part 2: Build Vocabulary – How are covalent bonds different from ionic bonds?

✔ Answer:
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

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Part 3: Reading Tool – Cause and Effect Table (Properties of Water)

We need to fill in the Cause and Effect for each characteristic of water. Let’s go row by row using the information from the lesson.

| Characteristic of Water | Cause | Effect |
|------------------------|-------|--------|
| Hydrogen Bonding | Water is a polar molecule with partial positive charges on hydrogen and partial negative charge on oxygen. | The slightly negative end of a water molecule is attracted to the slightly positive end of another water molecule. |
| Expands Upon Freezing | Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to form a crystalline lattice structure with more space between molecules in ice. | Ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats. |
| Dissolves Many Substances | Water forms hydrogen bonds. | Water is an excellent solvent because it can surround and separate ions or polar molecules. |
| Cohesion | Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. | Water molecules stick to each other, allowing surface tension and capillary action. |
| Adhesion | Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and other substances (e.g., glass or plant cell walls). | Water sticks to other surfaces, helping it move upward in plants. |
| Heat Capacity | Water molecules absorb large amounts of heat before their temperature rises due to hydrogen bonding. | Water resists temperature changes, helping stabilize environments. |

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✔ Final Answers Summary:

#### Visual Reading Tool:
1. Covalent bonds
2. Electrons
3. Ionic bonds
4. Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons; ionic bonds involve transferring electrons to form ions.

#### Build Vocabulary:
Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons; ionic bonds involve transferring electrons, creating charged ions that attract each other.

#### Reading Tool Table (Completed):

| Characteristic of Water | Cause | Effect |
|------------------------|-------|--------|
| Hydrogen Bonding | Polar nature of water molecules (partial charges) | Attraction between opposite partial charges of adjacent water molecules |
| Expands Upon Freezing | Hydrogen bonds form open hexagonal lattice in ice | Ice is less dense than liquid water and floats |
| Dissolves Many Substances | Water forms hydrogen bonds | Water acts as a universal solvent |
| Cohesion | Hydrogen bonds between water molecules | Water molecules stick to each other, creating surface tension |
| Adhesion | Hydrogen bonds between water and other molecules | Water sticks to surfaces like glass or plant vessels |
| Heat Capacity | Hydrogen bonds absorb energy without breaking | Water resists temperature changes, stabilizing climates and organisms |

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