Peripheral Nervous System Diagram Showing CNS to PNS Connections and Autonomic Functions
Diagram illustrating the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with connections from the central nervous system (CNS) to various organs and tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscles, urinary bladder, and liver, highlighting the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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Show Answer Key & Explanations
Step-by-step solution for: Solved Worksheet #7-Peripheral nervous system IPHY 3410-1 | Chegg.com
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Show Answer Key & Explanations
Step-by-step solution for: Solved Worksheet #7-Peripheral nervous system IPHY 3410-1 | Chegg.com
To complete the diagram, we need to trace the nerve pathways from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the specific organs and muscles listed on the right. The red lines represent the nerves carrying signals.
Here is the step-by-step logic to draw the connections:
1. Identify the Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
* Somatic Motor Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements (skeletal muscles). These nerves come directly from the spinal cord without stopping at a ganglion.
* Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (heart, smooth muscle, glands). This splits into:
* Sympathetic: "Fight-or-flight" response. Nerves exit from the Thoracic and Lumbar regions. They usually stop at a chain of ganglia (the vertical line of circles next to the spine) before reaching the organ.
* Parasympathetic: "Rest-and-digest" response. Nerves exit from the Cranial (brain) and Sacral (lower spine) regions. They travel long distances to reach ganglia located near or inside the target organ.
2. Trace the Specific Pathways:
* Skeletal Muscle of Upper Limb (Arm):
* Type: Somatic (Voluntary).
* Origin: Thoracic spinal nerve area (specifically the brachial plexus region, though the diagram simplifies this to the upper spinal section shown).
* Path: Draw a single red line starting from the ventral horn (front part) of the top spinal cord cross-section. It goes out through the nerve root, bypasses the sympathetic ganglion chain, and goes directly to the arm.
* Heart:
* Type: Autonomic (Involuntary). It receives both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic input.
* Sympathetic Path: Start at the top spinal cord (Thoracic). Go to the sympathetic ganglion chain (the first circle outside the spine). From there, a nerve goes up/over to the heart.
* Parasympathetic Path: Although not explicitly drawn as a cranial nerve here, in this simplified diagram, look for a path that might originate lower or implies long preganglionic fibers. However, typically for the heart in these diagrams, the Sympathetic comes from the Thoracic spine. *Correction based on standard diagrams:* Usually, the Vagus nerve (Cranial) handles parasympathetic to the heart. Since the diagram only shows Spinal nerves, we focus on the Sympathetic connection from the Thoracic spine to the Heart via the ganglion.
* Smooth Muscle & Glands (Fight-or-Flight):
* Type: Sympathetic.
* Origin: Thoracic spinal nerve.
* Path: Start at the top spinal cord. Go to the sympathetic ganglion chain. From the ganglion, draw a line to the "Smooth muscle & glands" label.
* Skeletal Muscle of Lower Limb (Leg):
* Type: Somatic (Voluntary).
* Origin: Sacral spinal nerve area (Lumbar/Sacral plexus).
* Path: Draw a single red line starting from the ventral horn of the bottom spinal cord cross-section (Sacral). It goes out through the nerve root, bypasses any ganglia, and goes directly to the leg.
* Urinary Bladder:
* Type: Autonomic (mostly Parasympathetic for emptying).
* Origin: Sacral spinal nerve.
* Path: Start at the bottom spinal cord (Sacral). Draw a line out. For parasympathetic, the ganglion is usually *on* the organ. So, draw a long line from the Sacral spine directly to the bladder. Inside/near the bladder, you would technically have a ganglion, but often in these worksheets, you just connect the sacral nerve to the bladder. *Note:* There is also sympathetic innervation from the thoracic/lumbar region for storage, but the primary motor control for voiding is sacral parasympathetic. Given the red dots in the sacral ventral horn, connect these to the bladder.
3. Filling in the Bottom Flowchart:
The bottom part classifies the targets. We need to sort the organs into Somatic, Sympathetic, or Parasympathetic.
* Somatic Motor Nervous System:
* Already filled: Skeletal muscles.
* (Note: Skin contains somatic sensory receptors, but motor-wise, it's mostly autonomic for blood vessels/sweat. However, sometimes "Skin" is grouped loosely. Let's look at the lines provided.)
* The box "Somatic motor nervous system" points to Skeletal muscles.
* Sympathetic Nervous System:
* Targets involved in "Fight-or-Flight":
* Skin (blood vessels constrict, sweat glands activate).
* Blood vessels to skeletal muscles (dilate to allow more blood flow).
* Blood vessels to many organs (constrict to divert blood away from digestion).
* Heart (beats faster).
* Lungs (bronchioles dilate for more air).
* Liver (releases glucose).
* GI tract (inhibits digestion).
* Parasympathetic Nervous System:
* Targets involved in "Rest-and-Digest":
* Heart (slows down).
* Lungs (constricts bronchioles).
* GI tract (stimulates digestion).
Let's refine the connections based on the red lines already partially drawn in the prompt image:
Looking closely at the image provided, some red lines are already there. The task is likely to complete the missing ones.
Top Diagram Completion:
1. Thoracic Spinal Nerve -> Sympathetic Chain: There are two neurons exiting the thoracic ventral horn. One goes to the sympathetic ganglion (white circle with red dot). This is the preganglionic sympathetic neuron.
2. From Sympathetic Ganglion:
* One postganglionic fiber goes to the Skeletal muscle of upper limb? No, skeletal muscle is somatic. Wait, looking at the diagram, there is a line going from the spinal nerve *past* the ganglion to the arm. That is the Somatic motor neuron.
* From the ganglion, lines go to the Heart, Smooth muscle/glands, and potentially down to other organs.
3. Sacral Spinal Nerve:
* There are neurons in the ventral horn. One line exits and goes to the Skeletal muscle of lower limb (Somatic).
* Another line exits and goes to the Urinary bladder. This is the Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron. It travels all the way to the bladder where the ganglion is located (intramural).
Bottom Diagram Completion:
This looks like a classification tree. You need to draw lines from the organ icons to the correct system box.
* Skin: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system (for sweat glands and blood vessel constriction).
* Skeletal muscles: Connect to Somatic motor nervous system (already done). Also connects to Sympathetic (for blood vessels), but the primary motor control is Somatic.
* Blood vessels to skeletal muscles: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Blood vessels to many organs: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Heart: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* Lungs: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* GI tract: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system (inhibition) AND Parasympathetic nervous system (stimulation).
* Liver: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system (glucose release).
Final Answer Construction:
Since I cannot draw on the image, I will describe exactly which lines to draw.
For the Top Diagram (Spinal Cord):
1. Upper Limb (Somatic): Ensure a continuous red line runs from the front (ventral) part of the Thoracic spinal cord gray matter, out the nerve root, *past* the ganglion, to the Skeletal muscle of upper limb.
2. Heart (Sympathetic): Draw a line from the Thoracic spinal cord to the nearest Sympathetic Ganglion (circle). Then draw a line from that Ganglion to the Heart.
3. Smooth Muscle/Glands (Sympathetic): Draw a line from the same Sympathetic Ganglion (or one nearby) to the label Smooth muscle & glands.
4. Lower Limb (Somatic): Draw a continuous red line from the front (ventral) part of the Sacral spinal cord gray matter, out the nerve root, directly to the Skeletal muscle of lower limb.
5. Urinary Bladder (Parasympathetic): Draw a long continuous red line from the front (ventral) part of the Sacral spinal cord gray matter, out the nerve root, traveling down to the Urinary bladder. (Note: In reality, there is a ganglion on the bladder wall, but often these diagrams just show the long preganglionic fiber connecting the sacral spine to the organ).
For the Bottom Diagram (Flowchart):
Draw lines connecting the boxes as follows:
* Skin → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Blood vessels to skeletal muscles → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Blood vessels to many organs → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Heart → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* Lungs → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* GI tract → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* Liver → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
*(Self-Correction/Refinement)*: Looking at the existing red lines in the bottom chart:
* There is a line from "Sympathetic nervous system" going left towards Skin/Skeletal muscles/Blood vessels.
* There is a line from "Sympathetic nervous system" going right towards Heart/Lungs/GI/Liver.
* There is a box "Parasympathetic nervous system" below.
* The task is likely to finish the branching.
Specific Lines to Add in Bottom Chart:
1. From Sympathetic nervous system:
* Branch to Skin.
* Branch to Blood vessels to skeletal muscles.
* Branch to Blood vessels to many organs.
* Branch to Heart.
* Branch to Lungs.
* Branch to GI tract.
* Branch to Liver.
2. From Parasympathetic nervous system:
* Branch to Heart.
* Branch to Lungs.
* Branch to GI tract.
(Note: Skeletal muscles themselves are NOT connected to the autonomic systems in terms of motor control, only their blood vessels are. The box "Skeletal muscles" is already connected to "Somatic motor nervous system". Do not connect the muscle tissue itself to Symp/Para.)
Final Answer:
Top Diagram Connections:
1. Thoracic Region: Draw a nerve fiber from the ventral horn of the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglion. From the ganglion, draw fibers to the Heart and Smooth muscle/glands.
2. Thoracic Region (Somatic): Draw a direct nerve fiber from the ventral horn, bypassing the ganglion, to the Skeletal muscle of upper limb.
3. Sacral Region (Somatic): Draw a direct nerve fiber from the ventral horn to the Skeletal muscle of lower limb.
4. Sacral Region (Parasympathetic): Draw a direct nerve fiber from the ventral horn to the Urinary bladder.
Bottom Diagram Connections:
Connect the organs to the nervous systems as follows:
* Sympathetic Nervous System connects to: Skin, Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, Blood vessels to many organs, Heart, Lungs, GI tract, Liver.
* Parasympathetic Nervous System connects to: Heart, Lungs, GI tract.
* Somatic Motor Nervous System connects to: Skeletal muscles.
Here is the step-by-step logic to draw the connections:
1. Identify the Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
* Somatic Motor Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements (skeletal muscles). These nerves come directly from the spinal cord without stopping at a ganglion.
* Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (heart, smooth muscle, glands). This splits into:
* Sympathetic: "Fight-or-flight" response. Nerves exit from the Thoracic and Lumbar regions. They usually stop at a chain of ganglia (the vertical line of circles next to the spine) before reaching the organ.
* Parasympathetic: "Rest-and-digest" response. Nerves exit from the Cranial (brain) and Sacral (lower spine) regions. They travel long distances to reach ganglia located near or inside the target organ.
2. Trace the Specific Pathways:
* Skeletal Muscle of Upper Limb (Arm):
* Type: Somatic (Voluntary).
* Origin: Thoracic spinal nerve area (specifically the brachial plexus region, though the diagram simplifies this to the upper spinal section shown).
* Path: Draw a single red line starting from the ventral horn (front part) of the top spinal cord cross-section. It goes out through the nerve root, bypasses the sympathetic ganglion chain, and goes directly to the arm.
* Heart:
* Type: Autonomic (Involuntary). It receives both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic input.
* Sympathetic Path: Start at the top spinal cord (Thoracic). Go to the sympathetic ganglion chain (the first circle outside the spine). From there, a nerve goes up/over to the heart.
* Parasympathetic Path: Although not explicitly drawn as a cranial nerve here, in this simplified diagram, look for a path that might originate lower or implies long preganglionic fibers. However, typically for the heart in these diagrams, the Sympathetic comes from the Thoracic spine. *Correction based on standard diagrams:* Usually, the Vagus nerve (Cranial) handles parasympathetic to the heart. Since the diagram only shows Spinal nerves, we focus on the Sympathetic connection from the Thoracic spine to the Heart via the ganglion.
* Smooth Muscle & Glands (Fight-or-Flight):
* Type: Sympathetic.
* Origin: Thoracic spinal nerve.
* Path: Start at the top spinal cord. Go to the sympathetic ganglion chain. From the ganglion, draw a line to the "Smooth muscle & glands" label.
* Skeletal Muscle of Lower Limb (Leg):
* Type: Somatic (Voluntary).
* Origin: Sacral spinal nerve area (Lumbar/Sacral plexus).
* Path: Draw a single red line starting from the ventral horn of the bottom spinal cord cross-section (Sacral). It goes out through the nerve root, bypasses any ganglia, and goes directly to the leg.
* Urinary Bladder:
* Type: Autonomic (mostly Parasympathetic for emptying).
* Origin: Sacral spinal nerve.
* Path: Start at the bottom spinal cord (Sacral). Draw a line out. For parasympathetic, the ganglion is usually *on* the organ. So, draw a long line from the Sacral spine directly to the bladder. Inside/near the bladder, you would technically have a ganglion, but often in these worksheets, you just connect the sacral nerve to the bladder. *Note:* There is also sympathetic innervation from the thoracic/lumbar region for storage, but the primary motor control for voiding is sacral parasympathetic. Given the red dots in the sacral ventral horn, connect these to the bladder.
3. Filling in the Bottom Flowchart:
The bottom part classifies the targets. We need to sort the organs into Somatic, Sympathetic, or Parasympathetic.
* Somatic Motor Nervous System:
* Already filled: Skeletal muscles.
* (Note: Skin contains somatic sensory receptors, but motor-wise, it's mostly autonomic for blood vessels/sweat. However, sometimes "Skin" is grouped loosely. Let's look at the lines provided.)
* The box "Somatic motor nervous system" points to Skeletal muscles.
* Sympathetic Nervous System:
* Targets involved in "Fight-or-Flight":
* Skin (blood vessels constrict, sweat glands activate).
* Blood vessels to skeletal muscles (dilate to allow more blood flow).
* Blood vessels to many organs (constrict to divert blood away from digestion).
* Heart (beats faster).
* Lungs (bronchioles dilate for more air).
* Liver (releases glucose).
* GI tract (inhibits digestion).
* Parasympathetic Nervous System:
* Targets involved in "Rest-and-Digest":
* Heart (slows down).
* Lungs (constricts bronchioles).
* GI tract (stimulates digestion).
Let's refine the connections based on the red lines already partially drawn in the prompt image:
Looking closely at the image provided, some red lines are already there. The task is likely to complete the missing ones.
Top Diagram Completion:
1. Thoracic Spinal Nerve -> Sympathetic Chain: There are two neurons exiting the thoracic ventral horn. One goes to the sympathetic ganglion (white circle with red dot). This is the preganglionic sympathetic neuron.
2. From Sympathetic Ganglion:
* One postganglionic fiber goes to the Skeletal muscle of upper limb? No, skeletal muscle is somatic. Wait, looking at the diagram, there is a line going from the spinal nerve *past* the ganglion to the arm. That is the Somatic motor neuron.
* From the ganglion, lines go to the Heart, Smooth muscle/glands, and potentially down to other organs.
3. Sacral Spinal Nerve:
* There are neurons in the ventral horn. One line exits and goes to the Skeletal muscle of lower limb (Somatic).
* Another line exits and goes to the Urinary bladder. This is the Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron. It travels all the way to the bladder where the ganglion is located (intramural).
Bottom Diagram Completion:
This looks like a classification tree. You need to draw lines from the organ icons to the correct system box.
* Skin: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system (for sweat glands and blood vessel constriction).
* Skeletal muscles: Connect to Somatic motor nervous system (already done). Also connects to Sympathetic (for blood vessels), but the primary motor control is Somatic.
* Blood vessels to skeletal muscles: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Blood vessels to many organs: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Heart: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* Lungs: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* GI tract: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system (inhibition) AND Parasympathetic nervous system (stimulation).
* Liver: Connect to Sympathetic nervous system (glucose release).
Final Answer Construction:
Since I cannot draw on the image, I will describe exactly which lines to draw.
For the Top Diagram (Spinal Cord):
1. Upper Limb (Somatic): Ensure a continuous red line runs from the front (ventral) part of the Thoracic spinal cord gray matter, out the nerve root, *past* the ganglion, to the Skeletal muscle of upper limb.
2. Heart (Sympathetic): Draw a line from the Thoracic spinal cord to the nearest Sympathetic Ganglion (circle). Then draw a line from that Ganglion to the Heart.
3. Smooth Muscle/Glands (Sympathetic): Draw a line from the same Sympathetic Ganglion (or one nearby) to the label Smooth muscle & glands.
4. Lower Limb (Somatic): Draw a continuous red line from the front (ventral) part of the Sacral spinal cord gray matter, out the nerve root, directly to the Skeletal muscle of lower limb.
5. Urinary Bladder (Parasympathetic): Draw a long continuous red line from the front (ventral) part of the Sacral spinal cord gray matter, out the nerve root, traveling down to the Urinary bladder. (Note: In reality, there is a ganglion on the bladder wall, but often these diagrams just show the long preganglionic fiber connecting the sacral spine to the organ).
For the Bottom Diagram (Flowchart):
Draw lines connecting the boxes as follows:
* Skin → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Blood vessels to skeletal muscles → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Blood vessels to many organs → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
* Heart → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* Lungs → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* GI tract → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system AND Parasympathetic nervous system.
* Liver → Connect to Sympathetic nervous system.
*(Self-Correction/Refinement)*: Looking at the existing red lines in the bottom chart:
* There is a line from "Sympathetic nervous system" going left towards Skin/Skeletal muscles/Blood vessels.
* There is a line from "Sympathetic nervous system" going right towards Heart/Lungs/GI/Liver.
* There is a box "Parasympathetic nervous system" below.
* The task is likely to finish the branching.
Specific Lines to Add in Bottom Chart:
1. From Sympathetic nervous system:
* Branch to Skin.
* Branch to Blood vessels to skeletal muscles.
* Branch to Blood vessels to many organs.
* Branch to Heart.
* Branch to Lungs.
* Branch to GI tract.
* Branch to Liver.
2. From Parasympathetic nervous system:
* Branch to Heart.
* Branch to Lungs.
* Branch to GI tract.
(Note: Skeletal muscles themselves are NOT connected to the autonomic systems in terms of motor control, only their blood vessels are. The box "Skeletal muscles" is already connected to "Somatic motor nervous system". Do not connect the muscle tissue itself to Symp/Para.)
Final Answer:
Top Diagram Connections:
1. Thoracic Region: Draw a nerve fiber from the ventral horn of the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglion. From the ganglion, draw fibers to the Heart and Smooth muscle/glands.
2. Thoracic Region (Somatic): Draw a direct nerve fiber from the ventral horn, bypassing the ganglion, to the Skeletal muscle of upper limb.
3. Sacral Region (Somatic): Draw a direct nerve fiber from the ventral horn to the Skeletal muscle of lower limb.
4. Sacral Region (Parasympathetic): Draw a direct nerve fiber from the ventral horn to the Urinary bladder.
Bottom Diagram Connections:
Connect the organs to the nervous systems as follows:
* Sympathetic Nervous System connects to: Skin, Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, Blood vessels to many organs, Heart, Lungs, GI tract, Liver.
* Parasympathetic Nervous System connects to: Heart, Lungs, GI tract.
* Somatic Motor Nervous System connects to: Skeletal muscles.
Parent Tip: Review the logic above to help your child master the concept of nervous system worksheet.
