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Pedigree illustrating the inheritance pattern of polydactyly in a human family, where the dominant allele (D) causes extra digits.

Pedigree chart showing inheritance of polydactyly, a dominant genetic condition causing extra fingers or toes, with shaded symbols indicating affected individuals.

Pedigree chart showing inheritance of polydactyly, a dominant genetic condition causing extra fingers or toes, with shaded symbols indicating affected individuals.

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Show Answer Key & Explanations Step-by-step solution for: Analyzing Human Genetics Using Pedigree Charts
Let me analyze the pedigree and figure out the genotypes step by step.

First, I need to understand the symbols:
- Squares = males
- Circles = females
- Shaded = affected (has polydactyly)
- Unshaded = unaffected (normal number of digits)

Given: Polydactyly is dominant. So:
- DD or Dd = has extra digits (shaded)
- dd = normal (unshaded)

Let me trace the generations:

Generation I (top row):
- Male (square) = unshaded → must be dd
- Female (circle) = shaded → must have at least one D allele → could be DD or Dd

They have 4 children in Generation II:
- Child 1: female, unshaded → dd
- Child 2: male, shaded → D_
- Child 3: female, unshaded → dd
- Child 4: male, shaded → D_

Since the father is dd, he can only give d alleles. So all children get one d from dad.

For the unshaded children (dd), they must have gotten d from mom too → so mom must be Dd (not DD, because if she were DD, all kids would get D and be shaded).

So:
- I-1 (father): dd
- I-2 (mother): Dd

Then their children:
- II-1 (female, unshaded): dd (got d from dad, d from mom)
- II-2 (male, shaded): Dd (got d from dad, D from mom)
- II-3 (female, unshaded): dd (got d from dad, d from mom)
- II-4 (male, shaded): Dd (got d from dad, D from mom)

Now look at Generation III:

Left branch: II-1 (dd, female) × II-2 (Dd, male)
Their child: III-1 (female, unshaded) → must be dd
- Mom gives d, dad gives d → yes, possible (50% chance)

Right branch: II-4 (Dd, male) × II-5 (unshaded female, so dd)
Their children:
- III-2: female, shaded → must be Dd (got d from mom, D from dad)
- III-3: male, shaded → Dd
- III-4: male, shaded → Dd

All make sense.

So the completed pedigree genotypes are:
- I-1: dd
- I-2: Dd
- II-1: dd
- II-2: Dd
- II-3: dd
- II-4: Dd
- II-5: dd
- III-1: dd
- III-2: Dd
- III-3: Dd
- III-4: Dd

The question asks to "Fill out his pedigree" — meaning write the genotypes in the diagram. Since we can't write on the image, the answer should be the genotype for each individual.

But since the format asks for just the final answer, and it's a pedigree completion, the expected answer is likely the genotypes listed per person.

However, looking at standard expectations for such problems, often they want the genotype of specific individuals or confirmation that it's consistent. But the instruction says "Fill out his pedigree", so I think the expected final answer is the set of genotypes.

Since the problem doesn't specify which individuals to label, and in many textbooks, they expect you to deduce and state the genotypes, I'll provide the complete assignment.

But the format says "Final Answer: [Provide only the final correct answer.]"

Given that, and that this is a fill-in-the-pedigree task, the most appropriate final answer is to list the genotypes for each person in order.

Let me number them as usual in pedigrees:
- I-1: dd
- I-2: Dd
- II-1: dd
- II-2: Dd
- II-3: dd
- II-4: Dd
- II-5: dd
- III-1: dd
- III-2: Dd
- III-3: Dd
- III-4: Dd

But perhaps the expected answer is simply confirming the pattern, or maybe they want the genotype of a particular person? The question says "Fill out he pedigree" — likely a typo for "the pedigree".

Since the instructions say to give only the final answer, and this is a genetics pedigree problem, the standard expected answer is the genotype assignments.

However, looking at similar problems, sometimes they just want you to know that the mother in generation I must be Dd, etc.

But to be precise, I think the complete answer is the set above.

Wait — let me double-check if any person could be DD.

Could I-2 be DD? If I-2 were DD and I-1 is dd, all children would be Dd and thus all shaded. But we see two unshaded children (II-1 and II-3), so I-2 cannot be DD. So I-2 must be Dd. That confirms everything.

All shaded individuals must be Dd (since no one has a shaded parent who is DD, and the only possible D allele source is the heterozygous mother).

So every shaded person is Dd, every unshaded is dd.

That's the pattern.

Therefore, the filled pedigree has:
- All shaded symbols: Dd
- All unshaded symbols: dd

That's the simplest way to state it.

Final Answer:
All shaded individuals: Dd; all unshaded individuals: dd
Parent Tip: Review the logic above to help your child master the concept of pedigrees worksheet.
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