Educational worksheet illustrating protein synthesis with tRNA, mRNA, and DNA sequences for two proteins.

Let's solve the problem step by step for Protein #5 and Protein #6, based on the provided DNA sequences. This is a classic molecular biology exercise involving transcription (DNA → mRNA) and translation (mRNA → protein via tRNA).

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🔬 Key Concepts:

1. DNA → mRNA (Transcription)
- RNA polymerase reads the template strand of DNA.
- mRNA is complementary to DNA, but:
- Thymine (T) in DNA becomes Uracil (U) in RNA.
- So: A ↔ U, T ↔ A, G ↔ C, C ↔ G.

2. mRNA → tRNA (Translation)
- Each codon in mRNA (3 nucleotides) is read by a tRNA with a complementary anti-codon.
- The tRNA carries an amino acid corresponding to that codon.

3. Codon Table Reference (simplified):
- We'll use standard genetic code to determine amino acids.

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## ✔ Protein #5

Given DNA sequence:

| DNA | ACC | CAT | TAC | TTC |
|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| tRNA anti-CODON | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Amino Acid | ? | ? | ? | ? |

Step 1: Transcribe DNA to mRNA

- DNA: ACC → mRNA: UGG
- DNA: CAT → mRNA: GUA
- DNA: TAC → mRNA: AUG
- DNA: TTC → mRNA: AAG

> Remember: DNA template strand → mRNA is complementary and uses U instead of T.

So:

| DNA | ACC | CAT | TAC | TTC |
|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | UGG | GUA | AUG | AAG |

Step 2: Find tRNA Anti-Codons

tRNA has anti-codons that are complementary to mRNA codons.

- mRNA: UGG → tRNA anti-codon: ACC
- mRNA: GUA → tRNA anti-codon: CAU
- mRNA: AUG → tRNA anti-codon: UAC
- mRNA: AAG → tRNA anti-codon: UUC

> Note: tRNA anti-codon pairs with mRNA codon (A-U, G-C, etc.)

Step 3: Determine Amino Acids

Using the genetic code:

- UGG → Tryptophan (Trp)
- GUA → Valine (Val)
- AUG → Methionine (Met) (Start codon)
- AAG → Lysine (Lys)

So:

| DNA | ACC | CAT | TAC | TTC |
|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | UGG | GUA | AUG | AAG |
| tRNA anti-CODON | ACC | CAU | UAC | UUC |
| Amino Acid | Trp | Val | Met | Lys |

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## ✔ Protein #6

Given DNA sequence:

| DNA | TTC | TTA | CGC | CCC |
|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| tRNA anti-CODON | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Amino Acid | ? | ? | ? | ? |

Step 1: Transcribe DNA to mRNA

- DNA: TTC → mRNA: AAG
- DNA: TTA → mRNA: AAU
- DNA: CGC → mRNA: GCG
- DNA: CCC → mRNA: GGG

| DNA | TTC | TTA | CGC | CCC |
|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | AAG | AAU | GCG | GGG |

Step 2: Find tRNA Anti-Codons

- mRNA: AAG → tRNA anti-codon: UUC
- mRNA: AAU → tRNA anti-codon: UUA
- mRNA: GCG → tRNA anti-codon: CGC
- mRNA: GGG → tRNA anti-codon: CCC

Step 3: Determine Amino Acids

- AAG → Lysine (Lys)
- AAU → Asparagine (Asn)
- GCG → Alanine (Ala)
- GGG → Glycine (Gly)

| DNA | TTC | TTA | CGC | CCC |
|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | AAG | AAU | GCG | GGG |
| tRNA anti-CODON | UUC | UUA | CGC | CCC |
| Amino Acid | Lys | Asn | Ala | Gly |

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## 📝 Final Answer Summary

Protein #5

| DNA | ACC | CAT | TAC | TTC |
|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | UGG | GUA | AUG | AAG |
| tRNA anti-CODON | ACC | CAU | UAC | UUC |
| Amino Acid | Trp | Val | Met | Lys |

Protein #6

| DNA | TTC | TTA | CGC | CCC |
|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA | AAG | AAU | GCG | GGG |
| tRNA anti-CODON | UUC | UUA | CGC | CCC |
| Amino Acid | Lys | Asn | Ala | Gly |

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💡 Explanation Recap:

- Transcription: DNA → mRNA (complementary, T→U).
- Anti-codon: Complementary to mRNA codon (on tRNA).
- Amino acid: Determined by mRNA codon using the genetic code.

This process shows how genetic information flows from DNA to protein through transcription and translation.

✔ You can now fill in the blanks on your worksheet accordingly!