Transcription and Translation 18 a Label the | StudyX - Free Printable

Problem Overview:

The task involves labeling a diagram related to transcription and translation using the provided word list. The diagram is divided into two main parts:
1. Transcription (top part of the diagram).
2. Translation (bottom part of the diagram).

We need to label each numbered part of the diagram with the appropriate term from the word list and also label the 5′ and 3′ ends of all DNA and RNA strands.

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Solution:

#### Part (a): Labeling the Diagram

##### Top Part: Transcription
The top part of the diagram illustrates the process of transcription, where mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template strand.

1. Label 1: This is the RNA polymerase enzyme that catalyzes the transcription process.
- Label: RNA polymerase

2. Label 2: This is the DNA strand being used as the template for mRNA synthesis. It is complementary to the coding strand.
- Label: DNA - template strand

3. Label 3: This is the newly synthesized mRNA strand. It is complementary to the DNA template strand.
- Label: mRNA (transcription)

4. Label 4: This is the DNA strand that contains the genetic information in the correct reading frame. It is not directly involved in transcription but is shown for reference.
- Label: DNA - coding strand

5. Label 5: This is the nuclear membrane, which separates the nucleus (where transcription occurs) from the cytoplasm.
- Label: nuclear membrane

##### Bottom Part: Translation
The bottom part of the diagram illustrates the process of translation, where the mRNA is translated into a protein by ribosomes.

6. Label 6: This is the ribosome, which reads the mRNA and synthesizes a polypeptide chain.
- Label: ribosome

7. Label 7: This is the mRNA strand that serves as the template for translation.
- Label: mRNA (translation)

8. Label 8: These are tRNAs carrying amino acids. Each tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with a codon on the mRNA.
- Label: tRNA with amino acid

9. Label 9: This is the growing polypeptide chain, starting with the methionine (Met) amino acid.
- Label: peptide

10. Label 10: This is the sequence of amino acids being added to the growing polypeptide chain.
- Label: amino acid

11. Label 11: This is the codon on the mRNA, which specifies a particular amino acid.
- Label: codon

12. Label 12: This is the anticodon on the tRNA, which pairs with the codon on the mRNA.
- Label: anticodon

13. Label 13: This is a tRNA without an amino acid, likely after it has released its amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain.
- Label: tRNA without amino acid

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#### Part (b): Labeling the 5′ and 3′ Ends of All DNA and RNA Strands

In nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), the 5′ end is the end with a free phosphate group, and the 3′ end is the end with a free hydroxyl group. The direction of synthesis (for both transcription and translation) is always from the 5′ end to the 3′ end.

- DNA strands:
- The template strand (labeled as "DNA - template strand") runs from 5′ to 3′ (left to right in the diagram).
- The coding strand (labeled as "DNA - coding strand") runs from 3′ to 5′ (right to left in the diagram).

- mRNA strand:
- The mRNA strand is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction, matching the orientation of the template strand.

- tRNA strands:
- The tRNA strands are not explicitly shown in their full length, but their anticodons pair with the codons on the mRNA. The orientation of the tRNA anticodon is such that it pairs with the mRNA codon in the correct reading frame.

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Final Labels:

#### Top Part (Transcription):
1. RNA polymerase
2. DNA - template strand
3. mRNA (transcription)
4. DNA - coding strand
5. nuclear membrane

#### Bottom Part (Translation):
6. ribosome
7. mRNA (translation)
8. tRNA with amino acid
9. peptide
10. amino acid
11. codon
12. anticodon
13. tRNA without amino acid

#### 5′ and 3′ Ends:
- DNA - template strand: 5′ (left) to 3′ (right)
- DNA - coding strand: 3′ (right) to 5′ (left)
- mRNA: 5′ (left) to 3′ (right)

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Final Answer:

\boxed{
\begin{array}{ll}
1. & \text{RNA polymerase} \\
2. & \text{DNA - template strand} \\
3. & \text{mRNA (transcription)} \\
4. & \text{DNA - coding strand} \\
5. & \text{nuclear membrane} \\
6. & \text{ribosome} \\
7. & \text{mRNA (translation)} \\
8. & \text{tRNA with amino acid} \\
9. & \text{peptide} \\
10. & \text{amino acid} \\
11. & \text{codon} \\
12. & \text{anticodon} \\
13. & \text{tRNA without amino acid} \\
\end{array}
}