Figure 15.1 A soil profile. The layers (horizons) of a typical soil. Not all soils have all the horizons.

Diagram of a soil profile showing layers (horizons) labeled O, A, E, B, C, and R, with the O horizon at the top consisting of organic matter, followed by mineral layers, and ending with bedrock at the bottom.

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- O horizon: Organic layer composed of partially decayed plant and animal debris, typically found in undisturbed soils like forests.
- A horizon: Topsoil layer rich in organic matter and minerals, where most biological activity occurs.
- E horizon: Eluviation layer where leaching removes fine particles and soluble substances, often lighter in color.
- B horizon: Subsoil layer where materials leached from above accumulate, often richer in clay, iron, or aluminum.
- C horizon: Weathered parent material with little organic matter, showing the transition to bedrock.
- R horizon: Unweathered bedrock underlying the soil profile.

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