Solubility Rules Worksheet for accelerated chemistry, featuring exercises on solubility classification and precipitation reactions.

Problem Analysis:

The worksheet involves two main tasks:
1. Classifying substances as soluble or insoluble in water based on solubility rules.
2. Identifying new compounds formed and predicting precipitation when solutions are mixed.

Let's solve each part step by step.

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Task 1: Classify each of the substances as being soluble or insoluble in water

#### Solubility Rules Recap:
1. All salts of alkali metals (Group 1) and ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) are soluble.
2. Nitrates (NO₃⁻), acetates (CH₃COO⁻), and chlorates (ClO₃⁻) are soluble.
3. Chlorides (Cl⁻), bromides (Br⁻), and iodides (I⁻) are generally soluble, except for those of Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg₂²⁺.
4. Sulfates (SO₄²⁻) are soluble, except for those of Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg₂²⁺.
5. Carbonates (CO₃²⁻), phosphates (PO₄³⁻), sulfides (S²⁻), and hydroxides (OH⁻) are generally insoluble, except for those of alkali metals and ammonium ions.
6. Silver (Ag⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and mercury (Hg₂²⁺) salts are insoluble, except for nitrates, acetates, and chlorates.

#### Classification:
Using the solubility rules, we classify each substance:

- a. KBr: Potassium bromide. K⁺ is an alkali metal, so it is soluble.
- Soluble

- b. PbCO₃: Lead(II) carbonate. Carbonates are generally insoluble, except for those of alkali metals and ammonium ions.
- Insoluble

- c. Zinc hydroxide: Zn(OH)₂. Hydroxides are generally insoluble, except for those of alkali metals and ammonium ions.
- Insoluble

- d. Sodium acetate: NaCH₃COO. Sodium is an alkali metal, and acetates are soluble.
- Soluble

- e. Silver iodide: AgI. Iodides are generally soluble, but silver salts are insoluble except for nitrates, acetates, and chlorates.
- Insoluble

- f. Zinc carbonate: ZnCO₃. Carbonates are generally insoluble, except for those of alkali metals and ammonium ions.
- Insoluble

- g. Silver acetate: AgCH₃COO. Acetates are soluble, and silver salts are soluble in this case.
- Soluble

- h. Copper(II) sulfide: CuS. Sulfides are generally insoluble.
- Insoluble

- i. Mg₃(PO₄)₂: Magnesium phosphate. Phosphates are generally insoluble.
- Insoluble

- j. KOH: Potassium hydroxide. Alkali metal hydroxides are soluble.
- Soluble

- k. NH₄OH: Ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium salts are soluble.
- Soluble

- l. Hg₂SO₄: Mercury(I) sulfate. Sulfates are generally soluble, but mercury(I) salts are insoluble.
- Insoluble

- m. PbI₂: Lead(II) iodide. Iodides are generally soluble, but lead(II) salts are insoluble.
- Insoluble

#### Final Classification:
- a. KBr = Soluble
- b. PbCO₃ = Insoluble
- c. zinc hydroxide = Insoluble
- d. sodium acetate = Soluble
- e. silver iodide = Insoluble
- f. zinc carbonate = Insoluble
- g. silver acetate = Soluble
- h. copper(II) sulfide = Insoluble
- i. Mg₃(PO₄)₂ = Insoluble
- j. KOH = Soluble
- k. NH₄OH = Soluble
- l. Hg₂SO₄ = Insoluble
- m. PbI₂ = Insoluble

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Task 2: Identify the two new compounds which form if the solutions were mixed and predict precipitation

We need to determine the products of mixing the given solutions and identify which of these products are insoluble (precipitates).

#### Mixing Table:
| | KBr | Na₂CO₃ | CaS | NH₄OH |
|---------|-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|
| AgNO₃ | | | | |
| BaCl₂ | | | | |
| Al(NO₃)₃| | | | |
| CuSO₄ | | | | |

#### Step-by-Step Analysis:

1. AgNO₃ + KBr:
- Possible products: AgBr and KNO₃.
- AgBr is insoluble (silver halides are insoluble).
- KNO₃ is soluble (all nitrates are soluble).
- Precipitate: AgBr

2. AgNO₃ + Na₂CO₃:
- Possible products: Ag₂CO₃ and NaNO₃.
- Ag₂CO₃ is insoluble (carbonates are generally insoluble).
- NaNO₃ is soluble (all nitrates are soluble).
- Precipitate: Ag₂CO₃

3. AgNO₃ + CaS:
- Possible products: Ag₂S and Ca(NO₃)₂.
- Ag₂S is insoluble (sulfides are generally insoluble).
- Ca(NO₃)₂ is soluble (all nitrates are soluble).
- Precipitate: Ag₂S

4. AgNO₃ + NH₄OH:
- Possible products: AgOH and NH₄NO₃.
- AgOH is insoluble (hydroxides are generally insoluble).
- NH₄NO₃ is soluble (ammonium salts are soluble).
- Precipitate: AgOH

5. BaCl₂ + KBr:
- Possible products: BaBr₂ and KCl.
- Both BaBr₂ and KCl are soluble (halides and chlorides are generally soluble).
- No precipitate

6. BaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃:
- Possible products: BaCO₃ and NaCl.
- BaCO₃ is insoluble (carbonates are generally insoluble).
- NaCl is soluble (all chlorides are soluble).
- Precipitate: BaCO₃

7. BaCl₂ + CaS:
- Possible products: BaS and CaCl₂.
- Both BaS and CaCl₂ are soluble (sulfides of Ba²⁺ are soluble, and all chlorides are soluble).
- No precipitate

8. BaCl₂ + NH₄OH:
- Possible products: Ba(OH)₂ and NH₄Cl.
- Ba(OH)₂ is insoluble (hydroxides are generally insoluble).
- NH₄Cl is soluble (ammonium salts are soluble).
- Precipitate: Ba(OH)₂

9. Al(NO₃)₃ + KBr:
- Possible products: AlBr₃ and KNO₃.
- Both AlBr₃ and KNO₃ are soluble (halides and nitrates are generally soluble).
- No precipitate

10. Al(NO₃)₃ + Na₂CO₃:
- Possible products: Al₂(CO₃)₃ and NaNO₃.
- Al₂(CO₃)₃ is insoluble (carbonates are generally insoluble).
- NaNO₃ is soluble (all nitrates are soluble).
- Precipitate: Al₂(CO₃)₃

11. Al(NO₃)₃ + CaS:
- Possible products: Al₂S₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂.
- Al₂S₃ is insoluble (sulfides are generally insoluble).
- Ca(NO₃)₂ is soluble (all nitrates are soluble).
- Precipitate: Al₂S₃

12. Al(NO₃)₃ + NH₄OH:
- Possible products: Al(OH)₃ and NH₄NO₃.
- Al(OH)₃ is insoluble (hydroxides are generally insoluble).
- NH₄NO₃ is soluble (ammonium salts are soluble).
- Precipitate: Al(OH)₃

13. CuSO₄ + KBr:
- Possible products: CuBr₂ and K₂SO₄.
- Both CuBr₂ and K₂SO₄ are soluble (halides and sulfates are generally soluble).
- No precipitate

14. CuSO₄ + Na₂CO₃:
- Possible products: CuCO₃ and Na₂SO₄.
- CuCO₃ is insoluble (carbonates are generally insoluble).
- Na₂SO₄ is soluble (all sulfates are soluble).
- Precipitate: CuCO₃

15. CuSO₄ + CaS:
- Possible products: CuS and CaSO₄.
- CuS is insoluble (sulfides are generally insoluble).
- CaSO₄ is slightly soluble but can precipitate under certain conditions.
- Precipitate: CuS

16. CuSO₄ + NH₄OH:
- Possible products: Cu(OH)₂ and (NH₄)₂SO₄.
- Cu(OH)₂ is insoluble (hydroxides are generally insoluble).
- (NH₄)₂SO₄ is soluble (ammonium salts and sulfates are soluble).
- Precipitate: Cu(OH)₂

#### Filled Table:
| | KBr | Na₂CO₃ | CaS | NH₄OH |
|---------|-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|
| AgNO₃ | AgBr | Ag₂CO₃ | Ag₂S | AgOH |
| BaCl₂ | — | BaCO₃ | — | Ba(OH)₂ |
| Al(NO₃)₃| — | Al₂(CO₃)₃ | Al₂S₃ | Al(OH)₃ |
| CuSO₄ | — | CuCO₃ | CuS | Cu(OH)₂ |

#### Circle the precipitates:
- AgBr, Ag₂CO₃, Ag₂S, AgOH, BaCO₃, Ba(OH)₂, Al₂(CO₃)₃, Al₂S₃, Al(OH)₃, CuCO₃, CuS, Cu(OH)₂

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Final Answer:

1. Classification:
- a. KBr = Soluble
- b. PbCO₃ = Insoluble
- c. zinc hydroxide = Insoluble
- d. sodium acetate = Soluble
- e. silver iodide = Insoluble
- f. zinc carbonate = Insoluble
- g. silver acetate = Soluble
- h. copper(II) sulfide = Insoluble
- i. Mg₃(PO₄)₂ = Insoluble
- j. KOH = Soluble
- k. NH₄OH = Soluble
- l. Hg₂SO₄ = Insoluble
- m. PbI₂ = Insoluble

2. Mixing Table with Precipitates:
- AgBr, Ag₂CO₃, Ag₂S, AgOH, BaCO₃, Ba(OH)₂, Al₂(CO₃)₃, Al₂S₃, Al(OH)₃, CuCO₃, CuS, Cu(OH)₂

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