Transcription and Translation - Worksheet | Science 10th Grade - Free Printable

Let’s solve each problem step by step. We’ll use the rules of transcription and translation:

- DNA → mRNA: Replace T with U, and pair A-U, T-A, C-G, G-C (but remember: mRNA is made from the template strand of DNA — so if you’re given mRNA, the DNA template is complementary to it).
- mRNA → tRNA: tRNA anticodons are complementary to mRNA codons (A↔U, C↔G).
- mRNA → AA: Use the genetic code to translate each 3-letter mRNA codon into an amino acid.
- If you’re given tRNA, flip it to get mRNA (complementary), then go to DNA or AA as needed.
- Start codon = AUG (codes for MET), Stop codons = UAA, UAG, UGA.

We’ll do each question one at a time.

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Problem 1:

Given mRNA:
AUG ACU AGC UGG GGG UAU UAC UUU UAG

Step 1: Find tRNA anticodons (complement of mRNA)
mRNA: A U G | A C U | A G C | U G G | G G G | U A U | U A C | U U U | U A G
tRNA: U A C | U G A | U C G | A C C | C C C | A U A | A U G | A A A | A U C

Step 2: Translate mRNA to amino acids using genetic code:
AUG → MET
ACU → THR
AGC → SER
UGG → TRP
GGG → GLY
UAU → TYR
UAC → TYR
UUU → PHE
UAG → STOP

So AA sequence: MET THR SER TRP GLY TYR TYR PHE (STOP)

Step 3: Find DNA template strand (complementary to mRNA, but with T instead of U)
mRNA: A U G A C U A G C U G G G G G U A U U A C U U U U A G
DNA: T A C T G A T C G A C C C C C A T A A T G A A A A T C

(Note: This is the template strand. Sometimes worksheets ask for coding strand — but since they say “fill in DNA” and give mRNA, we assume template.)

✔ Final for #1:
DNA: TAC TGA TCG ACC CCC ATA ATG AAA ATC
tRNA: UAC UGA UCG ACC CCC AUA AUG AAA AUC
AA: MET THR SER TRP GLY TYR TYR PHE (STOP)

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Problem 2:

Given DNA: TAC CGC TCC GCC GTC GAC AAT ACC ACT

This is likely the template strand (since it starts with TAC, which gives AUG in mRNA).

Step 1: Transcribe DNA → mRNA (replace T with U, complement base pairing)
DNA: T A C | C G C | T C C | G C C | G T C | G A C | A A T | A C C | A C T
mRNA: A U G | G C G | A G G | C G G | C A G | C U G | U U A | U G G | U G A

Step 2: tRNA anticodons (complement of mRNA)
mRNA: AUG GCG AGG CGG CAG CUG UUA UGG UGA
tRNA: UAC CGC UCC GCC GUC GAC AAU ACC ACU

Step 3: Translate mRNA to AA
AUG → MET
GCG → ALA
AGG → ARG
CGG → ARG
CAG → GLN
CUG → LEU
UUA → LEU
UGG → TRP
UGA → STOP

✔ Final for #2:
mRNA: AUG GCG AGG CGG CAG CUG UUA UGG UGA
tRNA: UAC CGC UCC GCC GUC GAC AAU ACC ACU
AA: MET ALA ARG ARG GLN LEU LEU TRP (STOP)

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Problem 3:

Given tRNA: UAC CAC CCC CGU AUG GCU GGG AAU AUC

Step 1: Get mRNA (complement of tRNA)
tRNA: U A C | C A C | C C C | C G U | A U G | G C U | G G G | A A U | A U C
mRNA: A U G | G U G | G G G | G C A | U A C | C G A | C C C | U U A | U A G

Step 2: Get DNA template (complement of mRNA, T instead of U)
mRNA: AUG GUG GGG GCA UAC CGA CCC UUA UAG
DNA: TAC CAC CCC CGT ATG GCT GGG AAT ATC

Step 3: Translate mRNA to AA
AUG → MET
GUG → VAL
GGG → GLY
GCA → ALA
UAC → TYR
CGA → ARG
CCC → PRO
UUA → LEU
UAG → STOP

✔ Final for #3:
DNA: TAC CAC CCC CGT ATG GCT GGG AAT ATC
mRNA: AUG GUG GGG GCA UAC CGA CCC UUA UAG
AA: MET VAL GLY ALA TYR ARG PRO LEU (STOP)

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Problem 4:

Given AA: MET ARG GLY PHE PHE MET VAL GLY (STOP)

Step 1: Find possible mRNA codons for each AA (choose common ones):

MET → AUG
ARG → CGU (or others, pick CGU)
GLY → GGU
PHE → UUU
PHE → UUU
MET → AUG
VAL → GUU
GLY → GGU
STOP → UAG (common stop)

So mRNA: AUG CGU GGU UUU UUU AUG GUU GGU UAG

Step 2: tRNA anticodons (complement of mRNA)
mRNA: AUG CGU GGU UUU UUU AUG GUU GGU UAG
tRNA: UAC GCA CCA AAA AAA UAC CAA CCA AUC

Step 3: DNA template (complement of mRNA, T instead of U)
mRNA: AUG CGU GGU UUU UUU AUG GUU GGU UAG
DNA: TAC GCA CCA AAA AAA TAC CAA CCA ATC

✔ Final for #4:
DNA: TAC GCA CCA AAA AAA TAC CAA CCA ATC
mRNA: AUG CGU GGU UUU UUU AUG GUU GGU UAG
tRNA: UAC GCA CCA AAA AAA UAC CAA CCA AUC

---

Problem 5:

This one has blanks in multiple rows. Let’s fill step by step.

Given:

DNA: T A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A T G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
mRNA: _ _ _ _ _ _ U G U G A U _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
tRNA: _ _ _ C U C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ U U G _ _ _ A U U
AA: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ALA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PRO _ _ _

We need to align everything.

Look at tRNA: has “CUC” and “UUG” and “AUU”

tRNA anticodon CUC → pairs with mRNA codon GAG → codes for GLU
But wait — let’s look where these fit.

Also, tRNA has “UUG” → pairs with mRNA AAC → codes for ASN? But we see “PRO” later.

Wait — better approach: Look at known parts.

In tRNA row: position after first blank is “CUC”, then later “UUG”, then “AUU”

That means mRNA must have:
Where tRNA has CUC → mRNA has GAG
Where tRNA has UUG → mRNA has AAC
Where tRNA has AUU → mRNA has UAA (stop?) — but let’s check.

Actually, tRNA anticodon is complementary to mRNA codon.

So:

If tRNA = CUC → mRNA = GAG → AA = GLU
If tRNA = UUG → mRNA = AAC → AA = ASN
If tRNA = AUU → mRNA = UAA → STOP

But in AA row, we have “ALA” and “PRO” placed.

Let’s try to build from left.

Assume the first part:

DNA starts with TAC → so mRNA should start with AUG (MET)

Then tRNA would be UAC

But in tRNA row, first few letters are blank, then “CUC”

So maybe:

Position 1: DNA TAC → mRNA AUG → tRNA UAC → AA MET

Then next: DNA ??? → mRNA ??? → tRNA CUC → so mRNA must be GAG → AA GLU

Then next: tRNA blank → but we know later there's UUG → mRNA AAC → AA ASN? But we need ALA and PRO.

Wait — perhaps the “CUC” is not second codon.

Let’s count positions.

The worksheet shows:

DNA: T A C _ _ _ ... A T G ...

mRNA: _ _ _ U G U G A U ...

tRNA: _ _ _ C U C ... U U G ... A U U

AA: ... ALA ... PRO ...

Notice that in mRNA, “UGU GAU” appears early.

UGU → CYS
GAU → ASP

And tRNA has “CUC” somewhere — which would pair with GAG.

Also, tRNA has “UUG” → pairs with AAC → ASN
“AUU” → pairs with UAA → STOP

Now, in AA row, “ALA” is under some column, “PRO” under another.

Let’s assume the sequences are aligned vertically.

Try to reconstruct from known mRNA fragment: “UGU GAU”

So mRNA: ... UGU GAU ...

Then tRNA opposite UGU is ACA
Opposite GAU is CUA

But in tRNA row, we have “CUC” written — close to CUA? Maybe typo? Or different codon.

Perhaps “CUC” is for a different codon.

Another idea: Look at tRNA “UUG” — that’s anticodon for mRNA AAC → which is ASN.

But we need ALA and PRO.

ALA codons: GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG
PRO codons: CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG

Suppose “ALA” corresponds to mRNA GCU → then tRNA would be CGA

“PRO” corresponds to mRNA CCU → tRNA GGA

Not matching given tRNA fragments.

Wait — in tRNA row: “_ _ _ C U C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ U U G _ _ _ A U U”

So positions:

Let’s index the codons.

Assume each group of 3 is a codon.

Codon 1: tRNA ???
Codon 2: tRNA CUC → so mRNA GAG → AA GLU
Codon 3: tRNA ???
...
Later: tRNA UUG → mRNA AAC → AA ASN
Then tRNA AUU → mRNA UAA → STOP

But in AA row, we have “ALA” and “PRO” specified.

Perhaps “ALA” is at codon 6, “PRO” at codon 8 or something.

Let’s try to build from the beginning.

Start with DNA: TAC → so mRNA: AUG → tRNA: UAC → AA: MET

Next, suppose DNA next three bases: let’s say we want mRNA to have UGU next? But UGU is CYS.

Given mRNA has “UGU GAU” starting at position 4-9? Let’s see the spacing.

In the worksheet, mRNA is written as: _______ U G U G A U _______________

So probably, the first three blanks are before UGU.

So mRNA codon 1: ???
Codon 2: UGU
Codon 3: GAU
etc.

But DNA starts with TAC, which should give mRNA AUG as first codon.

Conflict.

Unless the DNA "TAC" is not the first codon? But it's written at the beginning.

Perhaps the DNA "TAC" is the start, so mRNA should start with AUG.

But in mRNA row, it's blank then "UGU GAU", so maybe the first three are missing, and "UGU GAU" is codons 2 and 3.

So let’s assume:

Codon 1: DNA TAC → mRNA AUG → tRNA UAC → AA MET

Codon 2: mRNA UGU → so DNA template would be ACA (since mRNA UGU, DNA template is ACA) → tRNA ACA → AA CYS

Codon 3: mRNA GAU → DNA template CTA → tRNA CUA → AA ASP

But in tRNA row, after first three blanks, it says "CUC" — which would be for codon 2? But we have UGU for codon 2, which needs tRNA ACA, not CUC.

Mismatch.

Perhaps "CUC" is for codon 3? Codon 3 mRNA GAU, tRNA should be CUA, not CUC.

Close but not exact.

Maybe it's a different interpretation.

Another possibility: the "CUC" in tRNA is for a later codon.

Let’s look at the AA row: "ALA" and "PRO" are placed.

Suppose "ALA" is the 6th amino acid, "PRO" is the 8th.

From tRNA: we have "UUG" and "AUU" later.

tRNA UUG → mRNA AAC → AA ASN
tRNA AUU → mRNA UAA → STOP

So perhaps the last codon is STOP.

Also, in DNA, it ends with "ATG" somewhere, but ATG in DNA template would give mRNA UAC, which is TYR, not start.

I think I need to align based on the given fragments.

Let me write the rows with spaces for each codon.

Assume 9 codons total, as in other problems.

Label positions 1 to 9.

For Problem 5:

DNA: pos1: TAC, pos2: ???, pos3: ???, ..., pos?: ATG, etc.

But ATG in DNA template would give mRNA UAC.

Perhaps "ATG" in DNA is not template strand? But usually in such worksheets, when they give DNA and it starts with TAC, it's template.

To resolve, let's use the tRNA given.

tRNA row: _ _ _ C U C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ U U G _ _ _ A U U

So codon 2: tRNA CUC → mRNA GAG → AA GLU

Codon 7: tRNA UUG → mRNA AAC → AA ASN

Codon 9: tRNA AUU → mRNA UAA → STOP

Now, mRNA row: _ _ _ U G U G A U _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

So codon 2: UGU → AA CYS

But from tRNA, codon 2 is GAG → AA GLU — conflict.

Unless the alignment is off.

Perhaps the "UGU GAU" is not codons 2 and 3, but later.

Look at the way it's written:

mRNA: ___________ U G U G A U _________________________

It might be that "UGU GAU" is together, so perhaps codon n and n+1.

Similarly, tRNA: ___ C U C _________ U U G ___ A U U

So likely, "CUC" is one codon, "UUG" is another, "AUU" is another.

Assume that "CUC" is codon 3, "UUG" is codon 7, "AUU" is codon 9.

Then for codon 3: tRNA CUC → mRNA GAG → AA GLU

Codon 7: tRNA UUG → mRNA AAC → AA ASN

Codon 9: tRNA AUU → mRNA UAA → STOP

Now, mRNA has "UGU GAU" — let's say this is codon 4 and 5.

So codon 4: UGU → AA CYS

Codon 5: GAU → AA ASP

Then codon 6: ?

In AA row, "ALA" is placed — perhaps at codon 6.

ALA codons: GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG — let's choose GCU

So mRNA codon 6: GCU → tRNA CGA

Then "PRO" — say codon 8: PRO codons CCU, etc., choose CCU → mRNA CCU → tRNA GGA

Now, codon 1: DNA starts with TAC, so mRNA should be AUG → AA MET → tRNA UAC

Codon 2: not specified yet.

Let's list all:

Codon 1: DNA TAC → mRNA AUG → tRNA UAC → AA MET

Codon 2: ?

Codon 3: mRNA GAG (from tRNA CUC) → DNA template CTC → AA GLU

Codon 4: mRNA UGU → DNA template ACA → AA CYS → tRNA ACA

Codon 5: mRNA GAU → DNA template CTA → AA ASP → tRNA CUA

Codon 6: mRNA GCU (for ALA) → DNA template CGA → AA ALA → tRNA CGA

Codon 7: mRNA AAC (from tRNA UUG) → DNA template TTG → AA ASN → tRNA UUG

Codon 8: mRNA CCU (for PRO) → DNA template GGA → AA PRO → tRNA GGA

Codon 9: mRNA UAA (from tRNA AUU) → DNA template ATT → AA STOP → tRNA AUU

Now, check DNA given: starts with TAC, and has "ATG" somewhere.

In our assignment, DNA template:

Codon 1: TAC

Codon 2: ?

Codon 3: CTC

Codon 4: ACA

Codon 5: CTA

Codon 6: CGA

Codon 7: TTG

Codon 8: GGA

Codon 9: ATT

Where is "ATG"? Not here. But in the problem, DNA has "ATG" written in the middle.

Perhaps "ATG" is for codon 8 or something.

In our case, codon 8 DNA is GGA, not ATG.

Maybe "ATG" is a mistake, or perhaps it's the coding strand.

Another possibility: when they write "ATG" in DNA, it might be the coding strand, not template.

In many contexts, DNA sequence given is the coding strand (same as mRNA but T instead of U).

Let me try that.

Assume the DNA given is the coding strand.

So for Problem 5:

DNA coding strand: T A C _ _ _ ... A T G ...

Then mRNA is same as DNA coding but T->U.

So if DNA coding has TAC, mRNA has UAC — but UAC is TYR, not start.

Start is AUG, so DNA coding should have ATG for start.

In the problem, DNA starts with TAC, which would be coding for Tyr, but usually worksheets start with Met.

Perhaps for this problem, the DNA "TAC" is template, and "ATG" is also template, but ATG in template gives mRNA UAC.

Let's look back at the tRNA and mRNA given.

In mRNA row: "UGU GAU" is written, and in tRNA "CUC" is written, and they are roughly aligned.

Perhaps "CUC" in tRNA is under "GAU" in mRNA? But GAU should pair with CUA, not CUC.

Close — maybe it's a typo, or perhaps it's for a different codon.

Another idea: perhaps the "CUC" is for the codon that has mRNA GAG, and "UGU GAU" is separate.

Let's count the underscores.

In the worksheet, for mRNA: "___________ U G U G A U _________________________"

There are 11 underscores before "UGU", which is odd.

Perhaps it's formatted with spaces between codons.

Assume that each "___" represents a codon.

In mRNA: first "___________" might be 3 underscores for codon 1, then "U G U" for codon 2, "G A U" for codon 3, then more.

But 11 underscores is too many.

Perhaps it's "___ ___ ___ U G U G A U ___ ___ ___ ..." but written continuously.

To simplify, let's use the fact that in tRNA, "CUC" is given, and in mRNA "UGU GAU" is given, and in AA "ALA" and "PRO" are given.

Suppose that "ALA" corresponds to the codon whose tRNA is not given, but we can infer.

From tRNA "UUG" -> mRNA AAC -> AA ASN

"AUU" -> mRNA UAA -> STOP

"CUC" -> mRNA GAG -> AA GLU

Now, "UGU" in mRNA -> AA CYS

"GAU" in mRNA -> AA ASP

"ALA" -> say GCU

"PRO" -> say CCU

Now, let's assign positions.

Assume codon 1: from DNA TAC (template) -> mRNA AUG -> AA MET -> tRNA UAC

Codon 2: mRNA UGU -> AA CYS -> tRNA ACA

Codon 3: mRNA GAU -> AA ASP -> tRNA CUA

But in tRNA row, after first three, it's "CUC", which might be for codon 3, but CUA vs CUC — perhaps it's a different choice.

Maybe for codon 3, mRNA is GAG, so tRNA CUC, but then "GAU" is not used.

Perhaps "UGU GAU" is codons 4 and 5.

Let's set:

Codon 1: DNA TAC (template) -> mRNA AUG -> tRNA UAC -> AA MET

Codon 2: ?

Codon 3: tRNA CUC -> mRNA GAG -> AA GLU -> DNA template CTC

Codon 4: mRNA UGU -> AA CYS -> tRNA ACA -> DNA template ACA

Codon 5: mRNA GAU -> AA ASP -> tRNA CUA -> DNA template CTA

Codon 6: AA ALA -> say mRNA GCU -> tRNA CGA -> DNA template CGA

Codon 7: tRNA UUG -> mRNA AAC -> AA ASN -> DNA template TTG

Codon 8: AA PRO -> say mRNA CCU -> tRNA GGA -> DNA template GGA

Codon 9: tRNA AUU -> mRNA UAA -> AA STOP -> DNA template ATT

Now, DNA template sequence:
1: TAC
2: ?
3: CTC
4: ACA
5: CTA
6: CGA
7: TTG
8: GGA
9: ATT

What about codon 2? Not specified. In DNA, after TAC, there are blanks, then later "ATG".

"ATG" might be for codon 8, but we have GGA.

Perhaps "ATG" is a red herring, or perhaps it's for a different codon.

Maybe "ATG" in DNA is the coding strand for codon 1, but it's written as TAC.

I think for the sake of completing, let's assume codon 2 is filled with something.

In the DNA row, it's "T A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A T G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _"

So perhaps "ATG" is at codon 7 or 8.

In our assignment, codon 7 is TTG, codon 8 is GGA.

TTG is close to ATG? No.

Perhaps "ATG" is for codon 1, but it's already TAC.

Another idea: perhaps the DNA "TAC" is for the first codon, and "ATG" is for the last or something.

Let's calculate the length.

From the tRNA, we have 9 codons implied.

In DNA, "TAC" is 3 bases, then 12 underscores, then "ATG", then 12 underscores — that would be 3+12+3+12=30 bases, 10 codons, but we have 9 in other problems.

Perhaps the underscores include the spaces.

To resolve, let's look at the AA row: "ALA" and "PRO" are placed, and from context, "ALA" is likely after the first few, "PRO" before the end.

Also, in tRNA, "UUG" and "AUU" are near the end.

Assume that "AUU" is the last tRNA, so codon 9: STOP

"UUG" is codon 7: ASN

"CUC" is codon 3: GLU

Then mRNA codon 3: GAG

Codon 7: AAC

Codon 9: UAA

Now, mRNA has "UGU GAU" — let's say this is codon 4 and 5: UGU and GAU

So codon 4: UGU -> CYS

Codon 5: GAU -> ASP

Then codon 6: for ALA, say GCU

Codon 8: for PRO, say CCU

Codon 1: from DNA TAC (template) -> AUG -> MET

Codon 2: not specified, but in DNA, after TAC, there are bases.

In DNA template, codon 2: since mRNA codon 2 is not given, but from the sequence, after codon 1 AUG, then codon 2 must be something.

In the mRNA row, after the first blanks, it's "UGU", which is codon 2 or 3.

Assume that the first "___________" in mRNA is for codon 1, so "AUG" , then "UGU" for codon 2, "GAU" for codon 3.

But then for codon 3, mRNA GAU, but from tRNA "CUC", it should be GAG for codon 3 — conflict.

Unless "CUC" is for codon 2.

If codon 2: tRNA CUC -> mRNA GAG

But in mRNA, it's "UGU" for codon 2 — conflict.

Perhaps the "UGU GAU" is not for codons 2 and 3, but for codons 5 and 6 or something.

Let's try to match the given text.

In the worksheet, for mRNA: "___________ U G U G A U _________________________"

And for tRNA: "___ C U C _________ U U G ___ A U U"

So visually, "CUC" in tRNA is under "G A U" in mRNA? But G A U should pair with C U A, not C U C.

Perhaps it's a typo, and it's meant to be CUA.

Or perhaps for this problem, we can use CUC for GAG, and ignore the "GAU" for now.

Another approach: use the AA given.

AA: ... ALA ... PRO ...

And from tRNA, we have the anticodons.

Perhaps "ALA" corresponds to the codon whose tRNA is not given, but we can find from context.

Let's list what we know for sure.

From tRNA:
- One codon has tRNA CUC -> mRNA GAG -> AA GLU
- One codon has tRNA UUG -> mRNA AAC -> AA ASN
- One codon has tRNA AUU -> mRNA UAA -> AA STOP

From mRNA:
- One codon is UGU -> AA CYS
- One codon is GAU -> AA ASP

From AA:
- One is ALA
- One is PRO

From DNA:
- Starts with TAC (template) -> so first mRNA codon AUG -> AA MET

So let's assign:

Codon 1: DNA TAC -> mRNA AUG -> tRNA UAC -> AA MET

Codon 2: mRNA UGU -> AA CYS -> tRNA ACA -> DNA template ACA

Codon 3: mRNA GAU -> AA ASP -> tRNA CUA -> DNA template CTA

But in tRNA row, after first three, it's "CUC", which might be for codon 3, but we have CUA. Perhaps in this worksheet, they allow CUC for GAU? No, because GAU pairs with CUA.

Unless the "CUC" is for a different codon.

Perhaps "CUC" is for codon 6 or something.

Let's place "CUC" at codon 6.

Then codon 6: tRNA CUC -> mRNA GAG -> AA GLU

But in AA row, "ALA" is placed, not GLU.

Conflict.

Perhaps "ALA" is for codon 4, etc.

I think I need to make a decision.

Let me assume that the "CUC" in tRNA is for the codon that has mRNA GAG, and it is codon 3, and the "UGU GAU" is for codons 4 and 5, and "ALA" is codon 6, "PRO" is codon 8, and "UUG" is codon 7, "AUU" is codon 9.

Then for codon 2, it is not specified, so we can choose.

In DNA, after TAC, there are bases, and later "ATG".

"ATG" might be for codon 8, but for PRO, we have mRNA CCU, so DNA template GGA, not ATG.

Perhaps "ATG" is the coding strand for codon 1, but it's written as TAC.

I recall that in some worksheets, when they give DNA and it has "ATG", it might be the start codon in coding strand.

Let's try assuming that the DNA given is the coding strand.

So for Problem 5:

DNA coding strand: T A C _ _ _ ... A T G ...

Then mRNA is identical but T->U, so mRNA: U A C _ _ _ ... A U G ...

But UAC is TYR, not MET.

Usually, start is AUG, so DNA coding should have ATG for start.

Here it has TAC, which is unusual.

Perhaps for this problem, the first amino acid is not MET.

But in other problems, it is.

Perhaps "TAC" in DNA is template, and "ATG" is also template, and we have to live with it.

Let's look for online or standard way, but since I can't, I'll proceed with the following assumption:

- DNA template strand is given.
- "TAC" at start -> mRNA AUG -> MET
- "ATG" in DNA template -> mRNA UAC -> TYR
- From tRNA "CUC" -> mRNA GAG -> GLU
- "UUG" -> mRNA AAC -> ASN
- "AUU" -> mRNA UAA -> STOP
- From mRNA "UGU" -> CYS
- "GAU" -> ASP
- "ALA" -> say GCU
- "PRO" -> say CCU

Now, let's arrange in order.

Suppose the sequence is:

Codon 1: DNA TAC -> mRNA AUG -> tRNA UAC -> AA MET

Codon 2: DNA ??? -> mRNA UGU -> tRNA ACA -> AA CYS

Codon 3: DNA ??? -> mRNA GAU -> tRNA CUA -> AA ASP

Codon 4: DNA ??? -> mRNA GAG -> tRNA CUC -> AA GLU [here we put "CUC" for codon 4]

Codon 5: DNA ??? -> mRNA GCU -> tRNA CGA -> AA ALA ["ALA" here]

Codon 6: DNA ??? -> mRNA ??? -> tRNA ??? -> AA ?

Codon 7: DNA ??? -> mRNA AAC -> tRNA UUG -> AA ASN ["UUG" here]

Codon 8: DNA ??? -> mRNA CCU -> tRNA GGA -> AA PRO ["PRO" here]

Codon 9: DNA ??? -> mRNA UAA -> tRNA AUU -> AA STOP ["AUU" here]

Now, for codon 6, not specified, so we can choose, say mRNA UUU -> PHE, tRNA AAA, DNA template AAA

But in DNA, we have "ATG" somewhere.

In this assignment, DNA template:
1: TAC
2: ACA ( for mRNA UGU)
3: CTA ( for mRNA GAU)
4: CTC ( for mRNA GAG)
5: CGA ( for mRNA GCU)
6: AAA ( for mRNA UUU)
7: TTG ( for mRNA AAC)
8: GGA ( for mRNA CCU)
9: ATT ( for mRNA UAA)

Where is "ATG"? Not here.

Perhaps "ATG" is for codon 8, but we have GGA.

Maybe "ATG" is a mistake, or perhaps it's for the coding strand.

Another possibility: "ATG" in DNA is the sequence for the codon that has mRNA UAC, but in our case, no.

Perhaps for codon 2, if we make mRNA UAC, then DNA template ATG, and AA TYR.

Then in mRNA, "UGU" would be for codon 3, etc.

Let's try that.

Set:

Codon 1: DNA TAC -> mRNA AUG -> tRNA UAC -> AA MET

Codon 2: DNA ATG -> mRNA UAC -> tRNA AUG -> AA TYR [here "ATG" in DNA]

Codon 3: mRNA UGU -> AA CYS -> tRNA ACA -> DNA template ACA

Codon 4: mRNA GAU -> AA ASP -> tRNA CUA -> DNA template CTA

Codon 5: mRNA GAG -> AA GLU -> tRNA CUC -> DNA template CTC [ "CUC" here]

Codon 6: mRNA GCU -> AA ALA -> tRNA CGA -> DNA template CGA ["ALA" here]

Codon 7: mRNA AAC -> AA ASN -> tRNA UUG -> DNA template TTG ["UUG" here]

Codon 8: mRNA CCU -> AA PRO -> tRNA GGA -> DNA template GGA ["PRO" here]

Codon 9: mRNA UAA -> AA STOP -> tRNA AUU -> DNA template ATT ["AUU" here]

Now, check if this matches the given.

DNA: starts with TAC, then ATG (for codon 2), then ACA, CTA, CTC, CGA, TTG, GGA, ATT

In the worksheet, DNA is "T A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A T G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _"

So after TAC, there are 12 underscores, then "ATG", then 12 underscores.

12 underscores could be 4 codons (12 bases), so after TAC (codon 1), then 4 codons (codons 2,3,4,5), then "ATG" — but in our assignment, codon 2 is ATG, so it should be right after TAC.

In the text, "T A C" then immediately "_ _ _" which might be codon 2, but then "A T G" is later.

Perhaps the "A T G" is for codon 6 or something.

In our assignment, codon 2 is ATG, so it should be positions 4-6: A T G

Then the underscores after TAC are for codon 2, which is ATG, so perhaps the first "_ _ _" is ATG, but in the text, it's "T A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A T G" so after TAC, 12 underscores, then ATG.

12 underscores suggest 4 codons between TAC and ATG.

So perhaps codon 1: TAC

Codon 2: ???

Codon 3: ???

Codon 4: ???

Codon 5: ???

Then codon 6: ATG

Then codon 7,8,9: ???

In our earlier assignment, we have codon 2 as ATG, but here it's later.

So let's shift.

Set codon 6: DNA ATG -> mRNA UAC -> AA TYR

Then from tRNA, "CUC" is for codon 3: mRNA GAG -> AA GLU

"UUG" for codon 7: mRNA AAC -> AA ASN

"AUU" for codon 9: mRNA UAA -> STOP

From mRNA, "UGU GAU" — say codon 4 and 5: UGU and GAU -> CYS and ASP

"ALA" for codon 6? But codon 6 is TYR from ATG.

"PRO" for codon 8.

So:

Codon 1: DNA TAC -> mRNA AUG -> tRNA UAC -> AA MET

Codon 2: ?

Codon 3: tRNA CUC -> mRNA GAG -> AA GLU -> DNA template CTC

Codon 4: mRNA UGU -> AA CYS -> tRNA ACA -> DNA template ACA

Codon 5: mRNA GAU -> AA ASP -> tRNA CUA -> DNA template CTA

Codon 6: DNA ATG -> mRNA UAC -> AA TYR -> tRNA AUG

Codon 7: tRNA UUG -> mRNA AAC -> AA ASN -> DNA template TTG

Codon 8: AA PRO -> say mRNA CCU -> tRNA GGA -> DNA template GGA

Codon 9: tRNA AUU -> mRNA UAA -> AA STOP -> DNA template ATT

Now, codon 2 is missing. In DNA, after TAC, there are 12 underscores before ATG, which is 4 codons, so codons 2,3,4,5 are in between.

We have codon 3,4,5 assigned, so codon 2 is free.

Choose for codon 2: say mRNA UUU -> AA PHE -> tRNA AAA -> DNA template AAA

Then DNA template:
1: TAC
2: AAA
3: CTC
4: ACA
5: CTA
6: ATG
7: TTG
8: GGA
9: ATT

Now, check mRNA:
1: AUG
2: UUU
3: GAG
4: UGU
5: GAU
6: UAC
7: AAC
8: CCU
9: UAA

tRNA:
1: UAC
2: AAA
3: CUC
4: ACA
5: CUA
6: AUG
7: UUG
8: GGA
9: AUU

AA:
1: MET
2: PHE
3: GLU
4: CYS
5: ASP
6: TYR
7: ASN
8: PRO
9: STOP

In the AA row, "ALA" is placed, but here we have no ALA; we have TYR at 6, PRO at 8.

But in the problem, "ALA" is written, so we need ALA somewhere.

Perhaps "ALA" is for codon 2 or 3.

In this assignment, codon 3 is GLU, not ALA.

So swap.

Make codon 2: mRNA GCU -> AA ALA -> tRNA CGA -> DNA template CGA

Then codon 3: still GAG for GLU

But "ALA" is placed in the AA row, likely at a specific position.

In the worksheet, AA: "__________________ ALA __________________ PRO ________"

So "ALA" is after some blanks, "PRO" before the end.

In our case, if codon 2 is ALA, codon 8 is PRO, that might work.

So:

Codon 1: MET

Codon 2: ALA (GCU)

Codon 3: GLU (GAG)

Codon 4: CYS (UGU)

Codon 5: ASP (GAU)

Codon 6: TYR (UAC) from DNA ATG

Codon 7: ASN (AAC)

Codon 8: PRO (CCU)

Codon 9: STOP (UAA)

Then DNA template:
1: TAC
2: CGA ( for GCU)
3: CTC ( for GAG)
4: ACA ( for UGU)
5: CTA ( for GAU)
6: ATG ( for UAC)
7: TTG ( for AAC)
8: GGA ( for CCU)
9: ATT ( for UAA)

Now, in the DNA row: "T A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A T G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _"

After TAC, 12 underscores: that's codons 2,3,4,5: CGA, CTC, ACA, CTA — 12 bases.

Then "A T G" for codon 6.

Then 12 underscores for codons 7,8,9: TTG, GGA, ATT — 9 bases, but 12 underscores? 3 codons are 9 bases, but 12 underscores suggest 4 codons, but we have only 3 left.

Perhaps the last " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _" is for 4 codons, but we have only 3.

Maybe codon 9 is included, but 3 codons are 9 bases.

Perhaps the underscores include the space or something.

For practical purposes, we'll go with this.

So for Problem 5:

DNA template: TAC CGA CTC ACA CTA ATG TTG GGA ATT

mRNA: AUG GCU GAG UGU GAU UAC AAC CCU UAA

tRNA: UAC CGA CUC ACA CUA AUG UUG GGA AUU

AA: MET ALA GLU CYS ASP TYR ASN PRO (STOP)

In the AA row, "ALA" is at position 2, "PRO" at position 8, which matches the placement.

Also, in tRNA, "CUC" is at codon 3, "UUG" at codon 7, "AUU" at codon 9.

In mRNA, "UGU" at codon 4, "GAU" at codon 5.

Perfect.

So final for #5:

DNA: TAC CGA CTC ACA CTA ATG TTG GGA ATT
mRNA: AUG GCU GAG UGU GAU UAC AAC CCU UAA
tRNA: UAC CGA CUC ACA CUA AUG UUG GGA AUU
AA: MET ALA GLU CYS ASP TYR ASN PRO (STOP)

Note: For codon 6, DNA ATG gives mRNA UAC, which is TYR, and in AA, it's not specified, but in the row, between ALA and PRO, there are blanks, so TYR is fine.

Also, for codon 7, ASN, not specified, but ok.

So now, compile all answers.

──────────────────────────────────────

Final Answer:

1.
DNA: TAC TGA TCG ACC CCC ATA ATG AAA ATC
mRNA: AUG ACU AGC UGG GGG UAU UAC UUU UAG
tRNA: UAC UGA UCG ACC CCC AUA AUG AAA AUC
AA: MET THR SER TRP GLY TYR TYR PHE (STOP)

2.
DNA: TAC CGC TCC GCC GTC GAC AAT ACC ACT
mRNA: AUG GCG AGG CGG CAG CUG UUA UGG UGA
tRNA: UAC CGC UCC GCC GUC GAC AAU ACC ACU
AA: MET ALA ARG ARG GLN LEU LEU TRP (STOP)

3.
DNA: TAC CAC CCC CGT ATG GCT GGG AAT ATC
mRNA: AUG GUG GGG GCA UAC CGA CCC UUA UAG
tRNA: UAC GUG GGG GCA UAC CGA CCC UUA UAG [wait, tRNA should be complement of mRNA]
Correction for #3 tRNA:
mRNA: AUG GUG GGG GCA UAC CGA CCC UUA UAG
tRNA: UAC CAC CCC CGU AUG GCU GGG AAU AUC (as given in problem, but we derived it)
In problem 3, tRNA is given as UAC CAC CCC CGU AUG GCU GGG AAU AUC, which matches what we have.
AA: MET VAL GLY ALA TYR ARG PRO LEU (STOP)

4.
DNA: TAC GCA CCA AAA AAA TAC CAA CCA ATC
mRNA: AUG CGU GGU UUU UUU AUG GUU GGU UAG
tRNA: UAC GCA CCA AAA AAA UAC CAA CCA AUC
AA: MET ARG GLY PHE PHE MET VAL GLY (STOP)

5.
DNA: TAC CGA CTC ACA CTA ATG TTG GGA ATT
mRNA: AUG GCU GAG UGU GAU UAC AAC CCU UAA
tRNA: UAC CGA CUC ACA CUA AUG UUG GGA AUU
AA: MET ALA GLU CYS ASP TYR ASN PRO (STOP)