Neutralization worksheet with exercises on acid-base reactions and salt formation.

Here are the solutions to the neutralization reactions, hydrolysis identifications, and salt analysis problems found on the worksheet.

Part 1: Neutralization Reactions

1. KOH + HNO₃ →
* Reasoning: Potassium hydroxide (base) reacts with Nitric acid (acid). The K replaces the H.
* Products: Water and Potassium Nitrate.
* Equation: KOH + HNO₃ → H₂O + KNO₃

2. NH₄OH + HCl →
* Reasoning: Ammonium hydroxide (base) reacts with Hydrochloric acid (acid). The NH₄ replaces the H.
* Products: Water and Ammonium Chloride.
* Equation: NH₄OH + HCl → H₂O + NH₄Cl

3. LiOH + H₃PO₄ →
* Reasoning: Lithium hydroxide (base) reacts with Phosphoric acid (acid). You need 3 Li to balance the charge of the phosphate ion (PO₄³⁻).
* Products: Water and Lithium Phosphate.
* Equation: 3LiOH + H₃PO₄ → 3H₂O + Li₃PO₄

4. Ca(OH)₂ + HC₃H₅O₃ →
* Reasoning: Calcium hydroxide (base) reacts with Lactic acid (acid). Calcium has a +2 charge, Lactate has a -1 charge.
* Products: Water and Calcium Lactate.
* Equation: Ca(OH)₂ + 2HC₃H₅O₃ → 2H₂O + Ca(C₃H₅O₃)₂

5. HC₂H₃O₂ + NaOH →
* Reasoning: Acetic acid (acid) reacts with Sodium hydroxide (base). Na replaces the H.
* Products: Water and Sodium Acetate.
* Equation: HC₂H₃O₂ + NaOH → H₂O + NaC₂H₃O₂

6. Al(OH)₃ + H₂SO₄ →
* Reasoning: Aluminum hydroxide (base) reacts with Sulfuric acid (acid). Al is +3, Sulfate is -2. The least common multiple is 6.
* Products: Water and Aluminum Sulfate.
* Equation: 2Al(OH)₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → 6H₂O + Al₂(SO₄)₃

7. Ca(OH)₂ + H₃PO₄ →
* Reasoning: Calcium hydroxide (base) reacts with Phosphoric acid (acid). Ca is +2, Phosphate is -3. LCM is 6.
* Products: Water and Calcium Phosphate.
* Equation: 3Ca(OH)₂ + 2H₃PO₄ → 6H₂O + Ca₃(PO₄)₂

8. H₃C₆H₅O₇ + NaOH →
* Reasoning: Citric acid (acid) reacts with Sodium hydroxide (base). There are 3 acidic Hydrogens to replace.
* Products: Water and Sodium Citrate.
* Equation: H₃C₆H₅O₇ + 3NaOH → 3H₂O + Na₃C₆H₅O₇

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Part 9: Hydrolysis Identification

a. C₂H₃O₂⁻ + H₃O⁺ ⇌ HC₂H₃O₂ + H₂O
* Acid: H₃O⁺
* Base: C₂H₃O₂⁻
* Conjugate Acid: HC₂H₃O₂
* Conjugate Base: H₂O

b. NO₂⁻ + H₂O ⇌ OH⁻ + HNO₂
* Acid: H₂O
* Base: NO₂⁻
* Conjugate Acid: HNO₂
* Conjugate Base: OH⁻

c. NH₄⁺ + OH⁻ ⇌ H₂O + NH₃
* Acid: NH₄⁺
* Base: OH⁻
* Conjugate Acid: H₂O
* Conjugate Base: NH₃

d. NH₃ + H₃O⁺ ⇌ H₂O + NH₄⁺
* Acid: H₃O⁺
* Base: NH₃
* Conjugate Acid: NH₄⁺
* Conjugate Base: H₂O

e. HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇌ CO₃²⁻ + H₃O⁺
* Acid: H₂O (Note: HCO₃⁻ acts as the base here accepting H? No, HCO₃⁻ acts as the acid donating H to water. Wait, HCO₃⁻ + H₂O -> CO₃²⁻ + H₃O⁺. HCO₃⁻ loses H to become CO₃²⁻. So HCO₃⁻ is the Acid. H₂O gains H to become H₃O⁺. So H₂O is the Base.)
* Acid: HCO₃⁻
* Base: H₂O
* Conjugate Acid: H₃O⁺
* Conjugate Base: CO₃²⁻

f. HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻
* Acid: H₂O (Donates H to HCO₃⁻)
* Base: HCO₃⁻ (Accepts H)
* Conjugate Acid: H₂CO₃
* Conjugate Base: OH⁻

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Part 10: Salt Analysis

a. KCl
* Parent Base: KOH (Strong)
* Parent Acid: HCl (Strong)
* Solution: Neutral

b. KC₂H₃O₂
* Parent Base: KOH (Strong)
* Parent Acid: HC₂H₃O₂ (Weak)
* Solution: Basic

c. NH₄NO₃
* Parent Base: NH₃ (Weak)
* Parent Acid: HNO₃ (Strong)
* Solution: Acidic

d. Na₃PO₄
* Parent Base: NaOH (Strong)
* Parent Acid: H₃PO₄ (Weak)
* Solution: Basic

e. Ca(NO₃)₂
* Parent Base: Ca(OH)₂ (Strong)
* Parent Acid: HNO₃ (Strong)
* Solution: Neutral

f. NaCH₃O₂ (Note: Formula in image is likely NaC₂H₃O₂ or similar acetate form)
* Parent Base: NaOH (Strong)
* Parent Acid: HC₂H₃O₂ (Weak)
* Solution: Basic

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Part 11: Comparison

11. H₂CO₃ vs HC₂H₃O₂
* NaCl: Neutral (Strong Acid + Strong Base)
* NaC₂H₃O₂: Basic (Strong Base + Weak Acid). Since acetic acid is stronger than carbonic, the acetate ion is a weaker base than the carbonate ion.
* Na₂CO₃: Very Basic (Strong Base + Very Weak Acid). Since carbonic acid is a weaker acid than acetic acid, its conjugate base (carbonate) is a stronger base than acetate.
* Explanation: The weaker the acid, the stronger its conjugate base. Because Carbonic Acid is weaker, Sodium Carbonate will be more basic (higher pH) than Sodium Acetate.

Final Answer:
1. Neutralization Reactions:
1. KOH + HNO₃ → H₂O + KNO₃
2. NH₄OH + HCl → H₂O + NH₄Cl
3. 3LiOH + H₃PO₄ → 3H₂O + Li₃PO₄
4. Ca(OH)₂ + 2HC₃H₅O₃ → 2H₂O + Ca(C₃H₅O₃)₂
5. HC₂H₃O₂ + NaOH → H₂O + NaC₂H₃O₂
6. 2Al(OH)₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → 6H₂O + Al₂(SO₄)₃
7. 3Ca(OH)₂ + 2H₃PO₄ → 6H₂O + Ca₃(PO₄)₂
8. H₃C₆H₅O₇ + 3NaOH → 3H₂O + Na₃C₆H₅O₇

9. Hydrolysis Identification:
a. Acid: H₃O⁺, Base: C₂H₃O₂⁻, Conj. Acid: HC₂H₃O₂, Conj. Base: H₂O
b. Acid: H₂O, Base: NO₂⁻, Conj. Acid: HNO₂, Conj. Base: OH⁻
c. Acid: NH₄⁺, Base: OH⁻, Conj. Acid: H₂O, Conj. Base: NH₃
d. Acid: H₃O⁺, Base: NH₃, Conj. Acid: NH₄⁺, Conj. Base: H₂O
e. Acid: HCO₃⁻, Base: H₂O, Conj. Acid: H₃O⁺, Conj. Base: CO₃²⁻
f. Acid: H₂O, Base: HCO₃⁻, Conj. Acid: H₂CO₃, Conj. Base: OH⁻

10. Salt Solutions:
a. KCl: Strong/Strong, Neutral
b. KC₂H₃O₂: Weak/Strong, Basic
c. NH₄NO₃: Strong/Weak, Acidic
d. Na₃PO₄: Weak/Strong, Basic
e. Ca(NO₃)₂: Strong/Strong, Neutral
f. NaCH₃O₂: Weak/Strong, Basic

11. Explanation:
NaCl is Neutral. NaC₂H₃O₂ is Basic. Na₂CO₃ is Very Basic.
Reason: H₂CO₃ is a weaker acid than HC₂H₃O₂. Therefore, the salt of the weaker acid (Na₂CO₃) will have a stronger conjugate base, making the solution more basic.