Review worksheet on ice masses and forests with data table and world map.

1. Continental crust: Thicker, less dense, composed mainly of granite.
2. Oceanic crust: Thinner, more dense, composed mainly of basalt.
3. Mantle: Largest layer by volume, semi-solid rock that flows slowly.
4. Outer core: Liquid layer composed of iron and nickel, generates Earth’s magnetic field.
5. Inner core: Solid sphere of iron and nickel, extremely hot and under immense pressure.
6. Lithosphere: Rigid outer layer including crust and upper mantle, broken into tectonic plates.
7. Asthenosphere: Plastic-like layer in the upper mantle where plates move.
8. Mesosphere: Strong, lower part of the mantle between asthenosphere and outer core.
9. Tectonic plates: Large slabs of lithosphere that move over the asthenosphere.
10. Convergent boundary: Plates move toward each other; can cause subduction or mountain building.
11. Divergent boundary: Plates move away from each other; often forms mid-ocean ridges.
12. Transform boundary: Plates slide past each other; causes earthquakes.
13. Subduction zone: Area where one plate is forced under another.
14. Mid-ocean ridge: Underwater mountain range formed by seafloor spreading.
15. Ring of Fire: Region around Pacific Ocean with high volcanic and seismic activity.
16. Seismic waves: Waves of energy traveling through Earth during an earthquake.
17. P-waves: Primary waves; fastest, travel through solids and liquids.
18. S-waves: Secondary waves; slower, travel only through solids.
19. Fault: Fracture in Earth’s crust where movement occurs.
20. Earthquake: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by movement along faults.
21. Volcano: Opening in Earth’s crust that allows magma, ash, and gases to escape.
22. Magma: Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface.
23. Lava: Magma that reaches Earth’s surface.
24. Hot spot: Stationary area of intense heat in the mantle that creates volcanic activity.
25. Plate tectonics: Theory explaining movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates.
26. Continental drift: Early theory that continents move across Earth’s surface.
27. Pangaea: Supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago.
28. Gondwana: Southern supercontinent that included South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica.
29. Laurasia: Northern supercontinent that included North America, Europe, and Asia.
30. Fossil evidence: Remains of ancient organisms used to support continental drift.
31. Magnetic stripes: Patterns of magnetic polarity in oceanic crust showing seafloor spreading.
32. Sea-floor spreading: Process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges.
33. Isostasy: Principle that Earth’s crust “floats” on the denser mantle.
34. Geologic time scale: System of chronological dating relating geological strata to time.
35. Radiometric dating: Method using radioactive decay to determine age of rocks.
36. Rock cycle: Continuous process of transformation among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
37. Igneous rock: Formed from cooled magma or lava.
38. Sedimentary rock: Formed from accumulation and lithification of sediments.
39. Metamorphic rock: Formed from existing rock altered by heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids.
40. Weathering: Breakdown of rocks at Earth’s surface.
41. Erosion: Transport of weathered material by wind, water, or ice.
42. Deposition: Process where eroded material settles out of transport medium.
43. Uplift: Geological process raising landmasses due to tectonic forces.
44. Folding: Bending of rock layers due to compressional stress.
45. Faulting: Breaking and displacement of rock along fractures.
46. Mountain building: Process forming mountains through tectonic activity.
47. Volcanic arc: Chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate.
48. Trench: Deep depression in ocean floor formed by subduction.
49. Rift valley: Linear depression formed by divergent plate boundaries.
50. Hotspot volcano: Volcano formed by mantle plume, not at plate boundary.