Biomolecule Review Worksheet with answers - Name Date: Professor ... - Free Printable

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ORGANIC MOLECULES

#### 1. What are organic molecules?
Answer:
Organic molecules are carbon-based molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are typically found in living organisms and are essential for life processes.

Explanation:
Organic molecules are defined by the presence of carbon (C) as the central element. Carbon's ability to form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and various elements (like H, O, N, S) allows for the vast diversity of organic compounds found in living things.

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#### 2. Name four categories of organic molecules which form the basis of all living things.
Answer:
The four categories are:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Explanation:
These four macromolecules are the building blocks of life:
- Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support.
- Lipids store energy and form cell membranes.
- Proteins perform a wide range of functions including enzymes, transport, and structure.
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.

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#### 3. Organic molecules have building blocks called monomers. How are all carbon-based, meaning they all contain carbon?
Answer:
All organic molecules are made from monomers (smaller subunits) that are linked together through chemical reactions to form polymers (large molecules). These monomers are carbon-based because they contain carbon atoms bonded in chains or rings.

Explanation:
Carbon is unique because it can form four strong covalent bonds, allowing it to create complex structures like chains, branches, and rings. Monomers such as glucose (carbohydrate), amino acids (protein), fatty acids and glycerol (lipid), and nucleotides (nucleic acid) are all carbon-containing units that polymerize to form larger biomolecules.

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#### 4. What are the building blocks of each of the four classes of organic molecules?
Answer:
| Organic Molecule | Building Block (Monomer) |
|------------------|--------------------------|
| Carbohydrates | Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose) |
| Lipids | Glycerol and Fatty Acids |
| Proteins | Amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids | Nucleotides |

Explanation:
- Carbohydrates: Made of sugar units (monosaccharides) linked together (e.g., starch = many glucose units).
- Lipids: Not polymers, but formed from glycerol + fatty acids.
- Proteins: Chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
- Nucleic Acids: Long chains of nucleotides (each has a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base).

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#### 5. What is a polymer?
Answer:
A polymer is a large molecule made up of many repeating smaller units called monomers.

Explanation:
For example, a protein is a polymer of amino acids; DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. The process of forming polymers from monomers is called dehydration synthesis (or condensation reaction).

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#### 6. The common characteristic of all organic molecules is that they contain carbon. That means that the same elements are present in all organic molecules. List them.
Answer:
The main elements in organic molecules are:
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S)

Explanation:
While carbon and hydrogen are always present, others vary:
- Oxygen is common in carbohydrates and lipids.
- Nitrogen is found in proteins and nucleic acids.
- Phosphorus is in nucleic acids and phospholipids.
- Sulfur is in some amino acids (e.g., cysteine).

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#### 7. What determines how organic molecules will look and behave? Their shape.
Answer:
Yes, the shape of an organic molecule determines its function.

Explanation:
Molecular shape affects how molecules interact with others. For example:
- Enzymes have specific active sites shaped to bind particular substrates.
- Antibodies recognize antigens based on shape.
- DNA’s double helix shape allows for replication and storage of genetic info.

Shape is determined by:
- Bond angles
- Covalent bonding
- Hydrogen bonding
- Presence of functional groups

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#### 8. What are the four common characteristics of all organic molecules?
Answer:
1. Contain carbon as the backbone.
2. Contain hydrogen.
3. Often contain oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
4. Formed through covalent bonds and often involve dehydration synthesis to build polymers.

Explanation:
These features allow organic molecules to be diverse, stable, and functional in biological systems.

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CARBOHYDRATES

#### 9. Why are carbohydrates important?
Answer:
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for cells. They are also used for structural support in plants (cellulose) and some animals (chitin).

Explanation:
Glucose is a key fuel for cellular respiration. Starch and glycogen are energy storage forms. Cellulose provides rigidity in plant cell walls.

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#### 10. What are the three types of carbohydrates? Give examples.
Answer:
1. Monosaccharides – single sugar units
- Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
2. Disaccharides – two sugars joined
- Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose)
3. Polysaccharides – long chains of sugars
- Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Explanation:
Monosaccharides are the simplest and serve as building blocks. Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are long chains used for energy storage or structure.

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#### 11. What are the two types of polysaccharides?
Answer:
1. Storage polysaccharides – store energy
- Example: Starch (in plants), Glycogen (in animals)
2. Structural polysaccharides – provide support
- Example: Cellulose (in plant cell walls), Chitin (in fungi and insect exoskeletons)

Explanation:
Starch and glycogen are branched and easily broken down for energy. Cellulose has beta linkages that make it rigid and indigestible by humans.

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#### 12. What makes cellulose different from starch?
Answer:
The type of glycosidic bond between glucose units.

- Starch: Alpha (α) glycosidic bonds → forms helical, digestible chains.
- Cellulose: Beta (β) glycosidic bonds → straight, rigid chains that humans cannot digest.

Explanation:
Humans lack the enzyme cellulase to break β-glycosidic bonds, so we can’t digest cellulose. But it adds fiber to our diet.

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✔ Summary of Key Points:

| Concept | Key Info |
|--------|---------|
| Organic Molecules | Carbon-based, contain C, H, O, N, P, S |
| Four Biomolecules | Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Monomers | Building blocks: glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, etc. |
| Polymers | Formed by dehydration synthesis |
| Shape & Function | Molecular shape determines biological function |
| Carbohydrates | Energy and structure; include sugars, starch, cellulose |

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