cladogram worksheet answers Doc Template | pdfFiller - Free Printable

Problem Overview:

The task involves constructing a cladogram for methods of transportation (bicycle, car, motorcycle, airplane, and on foot) and analyzing the relationships between them. Additionally, there is a second part where you are asked to construct another cladogram for a set of organisms (not provided in the image).

Below, I will solve the problem step by step.

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Part 1: Construct a Cladogram for Transportation

#### Procedure:
1. Think about the characteristics of the following methods of transportation:
- Bicycle: Uses wheels, human-powered.
- Car: Uses wheels, motorized.
- Motorcycle: Uses wheels, motorized.
- Airplane: Uses wings, motorized.
- On foot: No wheels, no motor, human-powered.

2. Fill in the cladogram by placing each method of transportation at the appropriate line at the top.

#### Cladogram Analysis:
The cladogram provided has the following derived characters:
- Wheels: Present in bicycle, car, and motorcycle.
- Motor: Present in car, motorcycle, and airplane.
- Wings: Present only in airplane.
- Passengers seated: Present in car, motorcycle, and airplane.

Using these derived characters, we can place the methods of transportation as follows:
- On foot: Does not have any of the derived characters (wheels, motor, wings, or passengers seated). It is the most basal (primitive) form.
- Bicycle: Has wheels but no motor or wings. It is closely related to car and motorcycle because they all have wheels.
- Car and Motorcycle: Both have wheels and motors. They are more closely related to each other than to the airplane.
- Airplane: Has wings and a motor but no wheels (in the context of ground movement). It is distinct from the others due to its unique feature (wings).

#### Completed Cladogram:
```
/------------------- Airplane (wings)
/
/-------------------- Car (motor, wheels)
/
/--------------------- Motorcycle (motor, wheels)
/
/---------------------- Bicycle (wheels)
/
On foot
```

#### Analyze and Conclude:
1. What "derived characters" are used in this cladogram?
- Wheels: Present in bicycle, car, and motorcycle.
- Motor: Present in car, motorcycle, and airplane.
- Wings: Present only in airplane.
- Passengers seated: Present in car, motorcycle, and airplane.

2. Which mode of transportation may be considered an "outgroup"—a group that has none of the characteristics labeled on the cladogram?
- On foot is the outgroup because it does not possess any of the derived characters (wheels, motor, wings, or passengers seated).

3. When might riding a bike have an advantage over flying in an airplane?
- Riding a bike might have advantages over flying in an airplane in scenarios such as:
- Short distances where the time saved by flying is negligible.
- Urban environments where airports are far away, and biking is more convenient.
- Situations where cost is a significant factor, as biking is generally cheaper than flying.
- Environmental concerns, as biking produces no emissions compared to airplanes.

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Part 2: Construct Another Cladogram for Organisms

#### Instructions:
You are tasked with creating a cladogram for a set of organisms (not provided in the image). The steps would involve:
1. Identifying derived characters that differentiate the organisms.
2. Grouping the organisms based on shared derived characters.
3. Determining which organism(s) might be the outgroup (i.e., those lacking the derived characters).

#### General Approach:
1. Identify Derived Characters: Look for traits that are shared among some organisms but not others. For example:
- Presence of fur.
- Ability to fly.
- Aquatic lifestyle.
- Number of limbs.

2. Group Organisms: Place organisms that share derived characters closer together in the cladogram.

3. Determine Outgroup: The outgroup is the organism that lacks all the derived characters and is the most basal (primitive).

#### Example (Hypothetical Organisms):
Suppose the organisms are:
- Cat
- Bat
- Fish
- Bird
- Human

Derived Characters:
- Fur: Present in cat, bat, and human.
- Wings: Present in bat and bird.
- Aquatic: Present in fish.
- Opposable thumbs: Present in cat and human.

Cladogram:
```
/------------------- Fish (aquatic)
/
/-------------------- Bird (wings)
/
/--------------------- Bat (wings, fur)
/
/---------------------- Cat (fur, opposable thumbs)
/
Human (fur, opposable thumbs)
```

#### Analyze and Conclude:
1. What derived characters did you use in your cladogram?
- Fur, wings, aquatic lifestyle, opposable thumbs.

2. Which organism would be considered to be an "outgroup"? Why?
- Fish would be the outgroup because it lacks all the derived characters (fur, wings, opposable thumbs) and represents the most basal form in this hypothetical scenario.

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Final Answer:

For Part 1:
1. Derived characters: Wheels, motor, wings, passengers seated.
2. Outgroup: On foot.
3. Advantages of biking over flying: Short distances, urban convenience, cost, environmental impact.

For Part 2 (hypothetical example):
1. Derived characters: Fur, wings, aquatic, opposable thumbs.
2. Outgroup: Fish.

Boxed Final Answer:
\[
\boxed{\text{See detailed explanations above.}}
\]