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1. What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid

2. Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus

3. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base

4. Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

5. Which base pairs with adenine?
Thymine

6. Which base pairs with cytosine?
Guanine

7. What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
Double helix

8. Who discovered the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick

9. What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic information

10. What is replication?
The process of copying DNA before cell division

11. When does replication occur?
During the S phase of the cell cycle

12. What enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase

13. What enzyme adds new nucleotides to the growing strand?
DNA polymerase

14. What is the complementary strand for this sequence: ATCGGTA?
TAGCCAT

15. What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule

16. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded, uses deoxyribose sugar and thymine; RNA is single-stranded, uses ribose sugar and uracil

17. What is transcription?
The process of making mRNA from a DNA template

18. Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus

19. What is translation?
The process of making a protein from mRNA

20. Where does translation occur?
Ribosome

21. What is a codon?
Three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify an amino acid

22. What is an anticodon?
Three consecutive nucleotides on tRNA that pair with a codon on mRNA

23. What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence

24. What are the two types of mutations?
Gene mutations and chromosomal mutations

25. What is a point mutation?
A change in a single nucleotide

26. What is a frameshift mutation?
Insertion or deletion of nucleotides that changes the reading frame

27. What is a chromosome?
A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains many genes

28. How many chromosomes do humans have?
46

29. What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in shape, size, and gene content

30. What is a karyotype?
A visual representation of an individual’s chromosomes

31. What is a sex chromosome?
Chromosomes that determine biological sex (X and Y)

32. What is an autosome?
Any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes

33. What is a genome?
The complete set of DNA in an organism

34. What is a plasmid?
A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria

35. What is recombinant DNA?
DNA molecules formed by combining DNA from different sources

36. What is PCR?
Polymerase chain reaction — a technique to amplify DNA

37. What is gel electrophoresis?
A technique to separate DNA fragments by size

38. What is a DNA fingerprint?
A pattern of DNA fragments used to identify individuals

39. What is cloning?
Producing genetically identical organisms

40. What is CRISPR?
A gene-editing technology that allows precise modification of DNA

41. What is a vector in genetic engineering?
A vehicle (like a plasmid or virus) used to deliver foreign DNA into a host cell

42. What is a transgenic organism?
An organism that has had foreign DNA inserted into its genome

43. What is a restriction enzyme?
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences

44. What is a ligase?
An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together

45. What is a promoter?
A region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

46. What is an intron?
A non-coding sequence in a gene that is removed during RNA processing

47. What is an exon?
A coding sequence in a gene that remains in the mature mRNA

48. What is RNA splicing?
The removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA

49. What is a ribosome?
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins

50. What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA — carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation