Problem Analysis:
The task requires understanding the philosophical underpinnings of the American Revolution. Specifically, it asks for:
1.
Notable intellectuals of the Enlightenment period.
2.
The three main foundational philosophies of the United States that fueled the American Revolution.
Solution:
#### 1.
Notable Intellectuals of the Enlightenment Period
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, individualism, and skepticism toward traditional authority. Key intellectuals of this period include:
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Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet): A French philosopher known for his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. His writings were highly influential in spreading Enlightenment ideas.
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Charles Montesquieu: A French political philosopher who is best known for his work *The Spirit of the Laws*. He introduced the concept of the separation of powers in government, which became a cornerstone of democratic systems, including the U.S. Constitution.
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Adam Smith: A Scottish economist and philosopher, often considered the father of modern economics. His work *The Wealth of Nations* laid the foundation for classical economics and influenced ideas about free markets and individual liberty.
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René Descartes: A French philosopher and mathematician who is often called the "Father of Modern Philosophy." His famous statement "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") emphasized the importance of rational thought and individual consciousness.
These intellectuals contributed significantly to the development of Enlightenment ideals, which later influenced the American Revolution.
#### 2.
Three Main Foundational Philosophies of the United States
The American Revolution was fueled by several key philosophical ideas that shaped the founding principles of the United States. The three main foundational philosophies are:
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Liberalism: This philosophy emphasizes individual rights, freedoms, and equality. It advocates for limited government intervention and promotes personal liberty. Liberalism played a crucial role in the American Revolution by challenging the authoritarian rule of the British monarchy and advocating for self-governance.
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Republicanism: This philosophy stresses the importance of civic virtue, public participation, and the common good over individual interests. Republicans believe in a government where power is derived from the people and exercised through elected representatives. Republicanism was central to the American Revolution, as it rejected monarchical rule and promoted the idea of a representative democracy.
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Conservatism: While not as directly tied to the revolution itself, conservatism emerged as a response to the radical changes brought about by the Enlightenment and revolutions. In the context of the American Revolution, conservative elements sought to balance revolutionary ideals with the preservation of social order and tradition. However, it is important to note that the term "conservatism" in this period had a different connotation than its modern usage.
These philosophies collectively shaped the ideological framework of the American Revolution, influencing the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the overall vision of the new nation.
Final Answer:
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Notable Intellectuals of the Enlightenment Period: Voltaire, Charles Montesquieu, Adam Smith, René Descartes.
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Three Main Foundational Philosophies of the United States: Liberalism, Republicanism, Conservatism.
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\boxed{\text{Voltaire, Charles Montesquieu, Adam Smith, René Descartes; Liberalism, Republicanism, Conservatism}}
$$
Parent Tip: Review the logic above to help your child master the concept of enlightenment worksheet.
