Foundation Basics | Government and Power Lesson Plan | iCivics - Free Printable

Problem Description:

The task involves analyzing four quotes related to political philosophy and identifying the philosopher or thinker associated with each quote. The goal is to match each quote with its corresponding philosopher.

Quotes and Philosophers:

1. Quote A: "The people of England regard it as their birthright; but it is a great mistake in them, for they have no such thing. It was given them by parliament during the election of members of parliament, and when elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing." — Hobbes
2. Quote B: "Political liberty is to be found only in moderate governments [....] But experience shows us that every man who has power is apt to abuse it, and to carry his authority as far as he can." — Montesquieu
3. Quote C: "During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such is the war of every one against every one." — Hobbes
4. Quote D: "I demand, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." — Locke

Solution Explanation:

#### Step 1: Analyze Each Quote
- Quote A: This quote discusses the idea that the people of England believe they have a right to political freedom, but Hobbes argues that this right is granted by the government (parliament) and is not inherent. This aligns with Hobbes's view that absolute power and control by a sovereign are necessary to maintain order.

- Quote B: This quote emphasizes the importance of balancing power within a government to prevent tyranny. Montesquieu is famous for his theory of the separation of powers, which advocates for dividing governmental authority among different branches to prevent any single entity from becoming too powerful.

- Quote C: This quote describes the state of nature as a "war of every one against every one," where individuals are in constant conflict due to the absence of a central authority. This is a hallmark of Hobbes's philosophy, particularly in his work *Leviathan*.

- Quote D: This quote asserts the natural rights of individuals, including the right to life, health, liberty, and property. This is a clear reference to John Locke's social contract theory, which posits that individuals possess inherent rights and form governments to protect these rights.

#### Step 2: Match Quotes with Philosophers
- Quote A: "The people of England regard it as their birthright; but it is a great mistake in them, for they have no such thing. It was given them by parliament during the election of members of parliament, and when elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing." — Hobbes
- Quote B: "Political liberty is to be found only in moderate governments [....] But experience shows us that every man who has power is apt to abuse it, and to carry his authority as far as he can." — Montesquieu
- Quote C: "During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such is the war of every one against every one." — Hobbes
- Quote D: "I demand, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." — Locke

#### Final Answer:
1. Quote A: Hobbes
2. Quote B: Montesquieu
3. Quote C: Hobbes
4. Quote D: Locke

Final Boxed Answer:

\[
\boxed{1. \text{Hobbes}, 2. \text{Montesquieu}, 3. \text{Hobbes}, 4. \text{Locke}}
\]