Educational worksheet on genetic mutations, including deletion, insertion, and substitution types, with practice problems for analyzing DNA, mRNA, and amino acid sequences.

Let’s solve this step by step.

We’re given an Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ...

First, we need to find the mRNA sequence. Remember:
- DNA → mRNA uses base pairing rules:
- A (DNA) → U (mRNA)
- T (DNA) → A (mRNA)
- C (DNA) → G (mRNA)
- G (DNA) → C (mRNA)

So let’s transcribe the original DNA to mRNA:

DNA: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
mRNA: A U G U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A

Now, break the mRNA into codons (groups of 3 bases):

AUG | UGG | AAC | CGC | UGC | UGA

Now use a genetic code chart (or memorize common ones) to translate to amino acids:

- AUG = Methionine (Start)
- UGG = Tryptophan
- AAC = Asparagine
- CGC = Arginine
- UGC = Cysteine
- UGA = Stop

So Original Amino Acid Sequence:
Met - Trp - Asn - Arg - Cys - STOP

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Now let’s do each mutated sequence one by one.

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Mutated DNA Sequence #1:

T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T ...

Compare to original:
Original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant: T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T
→ The 5th base changed from C → T → This is a SUBSTITUTION

Transcribe to mRNA:

DNA: T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T
mRNA: A U G U A G A A C C G C U G C U G A

Codons: AUG | UAG | AAC | CGC | UGC | UGA

Translate:

- AUG = Met
- UAG = STOP ← early stop!
- Rest doesn’t matter — protein stops here.

Amino acid sequence: Met - STOP

Effects? YES — very big effect. Protein is cut short.

Type of mutation: Substitution → causes premature stop → NONSENSE mutation

Also, since it’s substitution and changes amino acid to stop → nonsense.

Note: Not frameshift because only one base swapped, not added or deleted.

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Mutated DNA Sequence #2:

T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ...

Compare to original:
Original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
→ Looks like “ACC” became “GAC”, but actually, looking closely:

Wait — original starts: T A C A C C T T G...
Mutant: T A C G A C C T T G...

Actually, it seems like after “TAC”, instead of “ACC”, it’s “GAC”, then “CTT...” — so maybe a base was inserted?

Let’s line them up:

Original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T

Count positions:

Pos: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Orig: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ← wait, that’s longer?

Actually, looking at the mutant: “TACGACCTTG...” vs original “TACACCTTG...”

It appears that between position 3 and 4, a ‘G’ was inserted? Let’s check length.

Original first 10 bases: T A C A C C T T G G → 10 bases
Mutant first 10: T A C G A C C T T G → also 10? Wait no:

Wait — original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T → let's count all:

T(1) A(2) C(3) A(4) C(5) C(6) T(7) T(8) G(9) G(10) C(11) G(12) A(13) C(14) G(15) A(16) C(17) T(18)

Mutant #2: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T → same length? Let's write:

T(1) A(2) C(3) G(4) A(5) C(6) C(7) T(8) T(9) G(10) G(11) C(12) G(13) A(14) C(15) G(16) A(17) C(18) T(19?) — wait, the mutant says “TACGACCTTGCGACGACT...” — let’s count characters in the string as written.

In the image, Mutated DNA #2 is written as:
“T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ...” — that’s 18 bases? Same as original?

But original is “T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T” — also 18.

But if you compare:

Position: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant#2: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ← wait, that’s 19? No, let’s recount the mutant string as printed.

Looking back at user input:
"Mutated DNA Sequence #2 T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ..."

That’s: T,A,C,G,A,C,C,T,T,G,G,C,G,A,C,G,A,C,T → 19 bases? But original is 18.

Wait — perhaps I miscounted original.

Original: "T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T" — let's list with spaces removed: TACACCTTGGCGACGACT → 18 letters.

Mutant #2: "TACGACCTTGCGACGACT" → T,A,C,G,A,C,C,T,T,G,C,G,A,C,G,A,C,T → that’s 18? Let's count:

1.T 2.A 3.C 4.G 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.T 9.T 10.G 11.C 12.G 13.A 14.C 15.G 16.A 17.C 18.T → yes, 18.

But original: 1.T 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.T 8.T 9.G 10.G 11.C 12.G 13.A 14.C 15.G 16.A 17.C 18.T

So comparing:

Pos: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11...
Orig: A C C T T G G C...
Mut: G A C C T T G C...

Ah! So at position 4, original has A, mutant has G. Then position 5: orig C, mut A; pos6: orig C, mut C; etc.

Actually, it looks like the triplet starting at position 4 changed from "ACC" to "GAC", but that would be two substitutions? Or is it an insertion?

Wait — let's align properly:

Original: ...A C C T T G G C...
Mutant: ...G A C C T T G C...

If we shift:

Suppose mutant has an extra base? Let's see the full sequences again.

Perhaps it's easier to transcribe both and compare mRNA.

Original DNA: TAC ACC TTG GCG ACG ACT
mRNA: AUG UGG AAC CGC UGC UGA

Mutant #2 DNA: TAC GAC CTT GGC GAC GAC T → wait, how is it grouped?

The mutant is written as: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T

Group as triplets for transcription:

DNA: TAC | GAC | CTT | GGC | GAC | GAC | T... → but last is incomplete.

Better to transcribe base by base.

DNA Mutant #2: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T

mRNA: A U G C U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A

Because:
T→A, A→U, C→G, G→C, A→U, C→G, C→G, T→A, T→A, G→C, G→C, C→G, G→C, A→U, C→G, G→C, A→U, C→G, T→A

Wait, let's do it carefully:

DNA base -> mRNA base:
T -> A
A -> U
C -> G
G -> C
A -> U
C -> G
C -> G
T -> A
T -> A
G -> C
G -> C
C -> G
G -> C
A -> U
C -> G
G -> C
A -> U
C -> G
T -> A

So mRNA: A U G C U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A

Now group into codons: AUG | CUG | GAA | CCG | CUG | CUG | A...

But original mRNA was: AUG | UGG | AAC | CGC | UGC | UGA

So completely different after first codon.

Why? Because in DNA, position 4 changed from A to G, which is a substitution, but then the reading frame might be shifted? No, substitution shouldn't shift frame.

Let's compare DNA side by side:

Index: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Orig: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mut2: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ← wait, this has 19 bases? In the user input, it's written as "T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T" — let's count the letters without spaces: TACGACCTTGCGACGACT — that's 18 characters.

T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T — positions 1 to 18.

But when I wrote mut2 above, I have G at 4, A at 5, C at 6, C at 7, T at 8, T at 9, G at 10, G at 11, C at 12, G at 13, A at 14, C at 15, G at 16, A at 17, C at 18, T at 19? No, the string ends at T, which is position 18.

Let's list mut2 DNA bases:

1:T, 2:A, 3:C, 4:G, 5:A, 6:C, 7:C, 8:T, 9:T, 10:G, 11:G, 12:C, 13:G, 14:A, 15:C, 16:G, 17:A, 18:C, 19:T? The user wrote "T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T" — that's 19 items if you count each letter separately.

I think there's a mistake in my counting. Let me copy the exact strings from the user's message.

User said:

Original DNA Sequence: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ... → let's remove spaces: TACACCTTGGCGACGACT → 18 bases.

Mutated DNA Sequence #2: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T ... → TACGACCTTGCGACGACT → let's count: T-A-C-G-A-C-C-T-T-G-G-C-G-A-C-G-A-C-T → that's 19 characters. Oh! It has an extra base.

In the original, after "TAC" it's "ACC", but in mutant #2, after "TAC" it's "GAC", then "CTT", etc., but the total length is longer.

Let's calculate:

Original: "TACACCTTGGCGACGACT" — 18 letters.

Mutant #2: "TACGACCTTGCGACGACT" — T,A,C,G,A,C,C,T,T,G,C,G,A,C,G,A,C,T — that's 18? T(1),A(2),C(3),G(4),A(5),C(6),C(7),T(8),T(9),G(10),C(11),G(12),A(13),C(14),G(15),A(16),C(17),T(18) — 18 bases.

But in the sequence, compared to original, at position 4, original has A, mutant has G; position 5, original C, mutant A; position 6, original C, mutant C; position 7, original T, mutant C; this is messy.

Perhaps it's a deletion or insertion. Let's look at the difference.

Original: positions 4-6: A C C
Mutant #2: positions 4-6: G A C

Then position 7: original T, mutant C
Position 8: original T, mutant T
Position 9: original G, mutant T
This doesn't match.

Another way: let's transcribe both to mRNA and see the codons.

Original DNA: TAC ACC TTG GCG ACG ACT
mRNA: AUG UGG AAC CGC UGC UGA
Amino acids: Met Trp Asn Arg Cys Stop

Mutant #2 DNA: let's take it as TAC GAC CTT GGC GAC GAC T — but that's not accurate.

From the user's text: "T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T" — so bases: 1T,2A,3C,4G,5A,6C,7C,8T,9T,10G,11G,12C,13G,14A,15C,16G,17A,18C,19T? I think I found the issue.

In the original, it's "T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T" — that's 18 bases.

In mutant #2, "T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T" — let's count the letters: T,A,C,G,A,C,C,T,T,G,G,C,G,A,C,G,A,C,T — that's 19 letters. Yes! There's an extra 'G' or something.

List:

Mutant #2: 1.T, 2.A, 3.C, 4.G, 5.A, 6.C, 7.C, 8.T, 9.T, 10.G, 11.G, 12.C, 13.G, 14.A, 15.C, 16.G, 17.A, 18.C, 19.T

Original: 1.T, 2.A, 3.C, 4.A, 5.C, 6.C, 7.T, 8.T, 9.G, 10.G, 11.C, 12.G, 13.A, 14.C, 15.G, 16.A, 17.C, 18.T

So mutant #2 has an additional base at position 4? No, at position 4, original has A, mutant has G, but then mutant has 19 bases, original has 18, so likely an insertion.

Specifically, comparing:

After position 3 (C), original has A (pos4), C (pos5), C (pos6), T (pos7), etc.

Mutant has G (pos4), A (pos5), C (pos6), C (pos7), T (pos8), T (pos9), G (pos10), G (pos11), etc.

So it seems that between pos3 and pos4, a 'G' was inserted, and then the rest is shifted.

Original pos4-18: A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T (15 bases)

Mutant pos4-19: G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T (16 bases) — so yes, an extra base inserted at position 4.

So this is an INSERTION of a 'G' after the third base.

Therefore, it will cause a frameshift mutation.

Now, transcribe mutant #2 DNA to mRNA.

DNA: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
mRNA: A U G C U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A

As before.

Codons: AUG | CUG | GAA | CCG | CUG | CUG | A...

Translate:

- AUG = Met
- CUG = Leu
- GAA = Glu
- CCG = Pro
- CUG = Leu
- CUG = Leu
- A... incomplete, but since it's frameshift, the whole sequence is wrong.

Compared to original: Met-Trp-Asn-Arg-Cys-Stop

Here: Met-Leu-Glu-Pro-Leu-Leu-... and no stop soon, or different stop.

Effects? YES — major change in amino acid sequence.

Type of mutation: Insertion → always frameshift.

And since it changes the reading frame, it's a frameshift mutation.

Now, is it missense, silent, nonsense? Frameshift usually leads to completely different amino acids and often a premature stop or extended protein, but technically, frameshift is its own category, and the worksheet says "Deletion & Insertion will always be frameshift", so we classify as frameshift.

For substitution, we say missense/silent/nonsense.

For insertion/deletion, we say frameshift.

So for #2, it's insertion, frameshift.

But let's confirm the mutation type.

From comparison, original has 18 bases, mutant has 19, so insertion of one base.

Where? After position 3, a 'G' is inserted, so DNA changed from ...CAC... to ...CGAC... or something.

Original around pos3-4: C A
Mutant: C G A — so yes, 'G' inserted after C at pos3.

So insertion of G.

Thus, frameshift.

mRNA: as above.

Amino acid sequence: Met-Leu-Glu-Pro-Leu-Leu-... (and continues until a stop codon is encountered in the new frame).

Will there be effects? Yes.

Type: Insertion, frameshift.

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Mutated DNA Sequence #3:

T A C A C C T T A G C G A C G A C T ...

Compare to original:
Original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant: T A C A C C T T A G C G A C G A C T

So at position 9, original has G, mutant has A; position 10, original G, mutant G; position 11, original C, mutant C; etc.

Specifically, position 9: G → A

So substitution of G to A at position 9.

DNA: ...TTG... became ...TTA...

Transcribe to mRNA.

Original DNA pos7-9: T T G → mRNA: A A C (since T->A, T->A, G->C? Wait no:

DNA base to mRNA:

T -> A
T -> A
G -> C
So TTG -> AAC

Mutant DNA pos7-9: T T A → mRNA: A A U (T->A, T->A, A->U)

So mRNA codon changed from AAC to AAU.

Now, what amino acid is AAC? Asparagine
AAU? Also Asparagine — same amino acid!

Because both AAC and AAU code for Asparagine.

So this is a SILENT mutation.

No change in amino acid.

Effects? Probably none, or minimal.

Type: Substitution, silent.

Confirm: DNA change G to A at position 9, which is the third base of the codon TTG (which codes for Leucine? Wait no.

Let's clarify.

In the DNA sequence, the codons are read in groups of three from the start.

Original DNA: TAC | ACC | TTG | GCG | ACG | ACT

So codon 3 is TTG, which corresponds to mRNA AAC, which is Asn.

Mutant DNA: TAC | ACC | TTA | GCG | ACG | ACT

Codon 3 is TTA, mRNA AAU, which is also Asn.

Yes, silent mutation.

So amino acid sequence same as original: Met-Trp-Asn-Arg-Cys-Stop

Effects? Unlikely.

Type: Substitution, silent.

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Mutated DNA Sequence #4:

T A C A C C T T G G C G A C T A C T ...

Compare to original:
Original: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T
Mutant: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C T A C T

So at position 15, original has G, mutant has T; position 16, original A, mutant A; position 17, original C, mutant C; position 18, original T, mutant T — but mutant has "TACT" at the end, while original has "GACT".

Specifically, position 15: G → T

DNA: ...ACG... became ...ACT...

Transcribe to mRNA.

Original DNA pos13-15: A C G → mRNA: U G C (A->U, C->G, G->C) → UGC = Cysteine

Mutant DNA pos13-15: A C T → mRNA: U G A (A->U, C->G, T->A) → UGA = Stop

Oh! So the codon changed from UGC (Cys) to UGA (Stop).

So amino acid sequence: up to previous codon same, then instead of Cys, it's Stop.

Original: ...Arg - Cys - Stop
Mutant: ...Arg - Stop

So protein is shorter.

This is a substitution that creates a stop codon → NONSENSE mutation.

Effects? Yes, truncated protein.

Type: Substitution, nonsense.

Now, let's summarize all.

First, original:

DNA: TACACCTTGGCGACGACT
mRNA: AUGUGGAACCGCUGCUGA
Amino acids: Met-Trp-Asn-Arg-Cys-Stop

Mutant #1: DNA TACATCTTGGCGACGACT → substitution C to T at pos5? Earlier we had pos5 C to T.

In #1: original pos5 is C, mutant is T.

DNA: ...ACC... to ...ATC...

mRNA: ...UGG... to ...UAG... → UAG is stop.

So amino acids: Met-Stop

Type: substitution, nonsense.

Mutant #2: insertion of G after pos3, so frameshift.

mRNA: AUG CUG GAA CCG CUG CUG A... → Met-Leu-Glu-Pro-Leu-Leu-...

Type: insertion, frameshift.

Mutant #3: substitution G to A at pos9, DNA TTG to TTA, mRNA AAC to AAU, both Asn → silent.

Mutant #4: substitution G to T at pos15, DNA ACG to ACT, mRNA UGC to UGA → stop → nonsense.

Now, for the answer, we need to fill in the boxes.

Since the user didn't specify which one to solve, but the task is to complete the boxes, I'll provide the answers for each.

But in the response, I should give the final answer as per the format.

Perhaps list for each mutant.

Since the instruction is to solve the problem, and the problem is to complete the boxes, I'll provide the filled-in information.

But for the Final Answer section, I need to box the key results.

Given that, I'll summarize.

Final Answer:

For Original:
- mRNA: AUGUGGAACCGCUGCUGA
- Amino Acid: Met-Trp-Asn-Arg-Cys-Stop

Mutant #1:
- mRNA: AUGUAGAACCGCUGCUGA (change circled: UAG instead of UGG)
- Amino Acid: Met-Stop
- Effects: Yes
- Type: Substitution, Nonsense

Mutant #2:
- mRNA: AUG CUG GAA CCG CUG CUG A... (change: insertion caused frameshift)
- Amino Acid: Met-Leu-Glu-Pro-Leu-Leu-... (different sequence)
- Effects: Yes
- Type: Insertion, Frameshift

Mutant #3:
- mRNA: AUGUGGAAUCGCUGCUGA (change: AAU instead of AAC, but same amino acid)
- Amino Acid: Met-Trp-Asn-Arg-Cys-Stop (same as original)
- Effects: No
- Type: Substitution, Silent

Mutant #4:
- mRNA: AUGUGGAACCGCUGAUGA (change: UGA instead of UGC)
- Amino Acid: Met-Trp-Asn-Arg-Stop
- Effects: Yes
- Type: Substitution, Nonsense

To present neatly.