Overview of DNA structure and function in cellular processes.

Diagram illustrating the structure of DNA, highlighting the double helix and nucleotides.

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- DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
- The shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix, which looks like a twisted ladder.
- The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules.
- The rungs of the ladder are made of pairs of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C).
- DNA contains the instructions for building proteins, which determine an organism’s traits.
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules.
- Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus made of DNA and proteins; humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
- DNA replication occurs before cell division, ensuring each new cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions.
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect protein function and may lead to genetic disorders or evolutionary changes.
- James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.

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