Transcription and Translation 18 a Label the | StudyX - Free Printable

Let's solve this step-by-step based on the diagram and the instructions provided.

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Part (a): Label the Diagram

We are given a word list to label parts of the diagram showing transcription (top) and translation (bottom). The diagram has two main sections:

- Top: Transcription in the nucleus.
- Bottom: Translation in the cytoplasm.

We'll go through each numbered label and identify what it refers to.

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#### Top Section: Transcription

This is occurring in the nucleus, where DNA is used to make mRNA.

1. Label 1: This is a strand of RNA being synthesized from the DNA template. It’s complementary to the DNA template strand.
→ mRNA (transcription)

2. Label 2: This enzyme synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template.
→ RNA polymerase

3. Label 3: This is a segment of DNA that serves as the template for mRNA synthesis. It runs in the 3' to 5' direction.
→ DNA - template strand

4. Label 4: The structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm.
→ nuclear membrane

5. Label 5: The double helix of DNA, with one strand serving as the template. The strand not being used as a template is called the coding strand because its sequence matches the mRNA (except T instead of U).
→ DNA - coding strand

6. Label A: This is the entire process happening in the nucleus — copying DNA into RNA.
→ transcription

7. Label B: This arrow shows the movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
→ mRNA (transcription) → But since it's moving out, we can label B as mRNA (transcription) or just mRNA. However, more precisely, it's the mRNA molecule leaving the nucleus.
→ mRNA (transcription)

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#### Bottom Section: Translation

This occurs in the cytoplasm, where mRNA is read by ribosomes to build a protein.

6. Label 6: The large structure where translation occurs.
→ ribosome

7. Label 7: The RNA strand being read by the ribosome. It carries the genetic code from DNA.
→ mRNA (translation)

8. Label 8: The small cloverleaf-shaped RNA molecules carrying amino acids. Each has an anticodon that pairs with the mRNA codon.
→ tRNA with amino acid

9. Label 9: The three-letter code on mRNA that specifies an amino acid. Example: AUG codes for Methionine.
→ codon

10. Label 10: The growing chain of amino acids linked together.
→ peptide

11. Label 11: The three-base sequence on tRNA that pairs with the mRNA codon.
→ anticodon

12. Label 12: The amino acid attached to the tRNA.
→ amino acid

13. Label 13: Another tRNA molecule that has picked up an amino acid but is not yet bound to the ribosome.
→ tRNA with amino acid

Wait — actually, let's look carefully:

- The tRNA at 8 has Met (Methionine), which is attached → tRNA with amino acid
- The tRNA at 13 has Glu (Glutamic acid) attached → also tRNA with amino acid

But there’s another tRNA shown without an amino acid? Wait — no, all tRNAs shown have amino acids.

Wait — label 8 points to the tRNA carrying Met, and label 13 points to the tRNA carrying Glu — both have amino acids.

But the word list includes:
- tRNA with amino acid
- tRNA without amino acid

So perhaps one of them is missing?

Looking closely: the tRNA at 13 is not yet bound to the ribosome, but still has Glu attached → so it's tRNA with amino acid.

Is there any tRNA without an amino acid?

Actually, in the diagram, all tRNAs shown have amino acids attached.

But the question says to use the word list, so maybe one of the labels is meant to be "tRNA without amino acid".

Wait — looking again: label 8 points to the tRNA with Met, which is already bound and part of the chain. That’s fine.

But label 13 points to a tRNA with Glu — also has amino acid.

Wait — perhaps I misread.

Let’s re-express:

The word list includes:
- tRNA with amino acid
- tRNA without amino acid

But in the diagram, all tRNAs shown have amino acids. So maybe one of the tRNAs is not carrying an amino acid?

Wait — label 8 is pointing to the tRNA that has Met, and it's attached to the peptide chain. That’s correct.

But label 13 is pointing to a tRNA with Glu, which is approaching the ribosome. Still has amino acid.

Hmm.

Wait — perhaps label 8 is pointing to the anticodon loop or something else?

No — the arrow at 8 is pointing to the entire tRNA structure with Met attached.

Similarly, 13 points to tRNA with Glu.

So both are tRNA with amino acid.

But the list has tRNA without amino acid — maybe it's not used here?

Alternatively, perhaps label 8 is the tRNA without amino acid? But no — it clearly has Met.

Wait — label 8 might be pointing to the tRNA structure, and the amino acid is labeled separately?

No — the arrow at 8 goes to the tRNA, and the Met is below it.

So likely, 8 = tRNA with amino acid.

But then why is “tRNA without amino acid” in the list?

Maybe it's not needed? Or perhaps label 13 is meant to be tRNA without amino acid?

But it has Glu attached.

Wait — unless the Glu is not attached?

No — the circle says Glu, and it's connected to the tRNA.

So all tRNAs shown have amino acids.

Perhaps the "tRNA without amino acid" is not used in this diagram.

Alternatively, maybe label 8 is the tRNA, and the amino acid is labeled separately?

But label 9 is Met, which is the amino acid.

So 9 = amino acid

Then 8 = tRNA with amino acid

And 13 = tRNA with amino acid

So both are "tRNA with amino acid"

But the word list has two types: with and without.

So maybe one of them is without?

Wait — perhaps the tRNA at 13 is not yet charged? But it has Glu written on it.

I think it's safe to assume all shown tRNAs are charged.

So perhaps "tRNA without amino acid" is not used.

Alternatively, maybe label 8 is the tRNA, and the amino acid is separate — but no, the diagram shows the amino acid attached.

Wait — label 8 points to the tRNA, and label 9 is the amino acid (Met).

So 8 = tRNA with amino acid

9 = amino acid

10 = peptide

11 = anticodon (the triplet on tRNA)

12 = codon (the triplet on mRNA)

Wait — let's check:

- Label 11: Points to the mRNA codon (GCA) and the tRNA anticodon (CGU). But the arrow is pointing to the mRNA codon — because it's under the ribosome and aligned with tRNA.

Wait — the arrow at 11 points to the mRNA nucleotide sequence: G C A — that’s a codon.

And 12 points to the tRNA anticodon: C G U — that’s an anticodon.

Yes! That makes sense.

So:

- Label 11: codon (on mRNA)
- Label 12: anticodon (on tRNA)

But earlier I thought 11 was anticodon — no, the arrow is pointing to the mRNA sequence.

Yes: 11 points to GCA on mRNA → codon

12 points to CGU on tRNA → anticodon

So:

- 11 = codon
- 12 = anticodon

Now, label 13 points to a tRNA with Glu — so tRNA with amino acid

But label 8 also points to a tRNA with Met — also tRNA with amino acid

So both 8 and 13 are tRNA with amino acid

But the word list has tRNA without amino acid — maybe it's not used?

Or perhaps label 8 is the tRNA, and the amino acid is labeled separately?

But 9 is Met, which is the amino acid.

So:

- 8 = tRNA with amino acid
- 9 = amino acid
- 10 = peptide
- 11 = codon
- 12 = anticodon
- 13 = tRNA with amino acid

But we need to assign only one label per number.

Also, label 6 = ribosome

label 7 = mRNA (translation)

Now, label C is the box below the top section, above the bottom section — it’s the cytoplasm, where translation happens.

So:

- C = cytoplasm

And D is the process happening in the cytoplasm — translation

So:

- D = translation

Now, label A = transcription (in nucleus)

B = mRNA (transcription) — but it's moving out, so it's mRNA going from nucleus to cytoplasm.

But since it's labeled as B, and it's the mRNA molecule, we can say mRNA (transcription) or just mRNA.

But the word list has mRNA (transcription) and mRNA (translation) — so we should distinguish.

- B = mRNA (transcription) — because it’s just made in transcription.

- 7 = mRNA (translation) — because it’s now being translated.

So yes.

Now, let’s compile all labels.

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✔ Final Answers:

#### (a) Labels:

1. mRNA (transcription)
2. RNA polymerase
3. DNA - template strand
4. nuclear membrane
5. DNA - coding strand
6. ribosome
7. mRNA (translation)
8. tRNA with amino acid
9. amino acid
10. peptide
11. codon
12. anticodon
13. tRNA with amino acid

A. transcription
B. mRNA (transcription)
C. cytoplasm
D. translation

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#### (b) Label the 5′ and 3′ ends of all DNA and RNA strands

Now, we need to label the 5′ and 3′ ends on all strands.

Let’s analyze each strand:

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##### Top Section (Transcription):

- DNA template strand (3' → 5'): The strand being read by RNA polymerase.
- The arrow shows 3′ end at the right side of the template strand.
- So, left end is 5′, right end is 3′ → 5′ → 3′ on the template strand? No.

Wait — RNA polymerase reads 3′ to 5′ on the template strand.

So the template strand must be oriented 3′ to 5′ in the direction of reading.

In the diagram:

- The template strand has 3′ labeled at the right end.
- So the left end is 5′.

Thus:
- Template strand: 5′ ←→ 3′ (left to right in diagram, but 5′ on left, 3′ on right)

But wait — the strand is drawn from left to right, and 3′ is marked on the right end, so:
- Left end = 5′
- Right end = 3′

So template strand: 5′ at left, 3′ at right

Now, mRNA is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction, complementary to the template.

So:
- mRNA starts at 5′ on the left, grows to 3′ on the right.

In the diagram:
- Label 1 is the mRNA strand, starting from the left with 5′ already labeled.
- So the 5′ end is on the left, 3′ end is on the right.

So:
- mRNA (transcription): 5′ at left, 3′ at right

Now, the coding strand (DNA) is parallel to mRNA (same sequence, T instead of U).

So:
- Coding strand: 5′ at left, 3′ at right (same orientation as mRNA)

But in the diagram, the coding strand is shown above the template strand.

- Template strand: 3′ at right → so 3′ end is on the right
- Coding strand: opposite → so 5′ end is on the right, 3′ end is on the left

Wait — let’s clarify.

Standard rule:
- Template strand: antiparallel to mRNA
- Coding strand: same as mRNA (T instead of U)

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand from 3′ to 5′, so it synthesizes RNA from 5′ to 3′.

So:
- Template strand: 3′ → 5′ in the direction of transcription (i.e., from right to left in the diagram?)
Wait — the diagram shows the template strand with 3′ on the right, and the mRNA growing from left to right.

So:
- Template strand: 3′ end on right, 5′ end on left → so it runs 5′ → 3′ from left to right? No.

If the 3′ end is on the right, and the strand is continuous, then the 5′ end is on the left.

So template strand: 5′ → 3′ from left to right? No — that would mean 5′ on left, 3′ on right.

But RNA polymerase reads 3′ to 5′, so it must move from right to left along the template strand.

But in the diagram, the mRNA is growing from left to right.

So the template strand must be oriented 3′ at right, 5′ at left, so RNA polymerase moves from right to left on the template strand, synthesizing mRNA from left to right (5′ to 3′).

Yes.

So:

- Template strand: 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- Coding strand: antiparallel → so 3′ at left, 5′ at right

Because the coding strand is complementary to the template strand.

So:
- Coding strand: 3′ at left, 5′ at right

Now, mRNA:
- Synthesized from 5′ to 3′ → so 5′ at left, 3′ at right

So summary for top section:

- Template DNA strand: 5′ on left, 3′ on right
- Coding DNA strand: 3′ on left, 5′ on right
- mRNA: 5′ on left, 3′ on right

But the diagram already has 5′ labeled on the mRNA (at the left end) — so 3′ end is on the right.

Now, bottom section (Translation):

- mRNA (translation): Same strand as above — 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- tRNA molecules: Each has a 3′ end where amino acid attaches, and 5′ end.

But in the diagram, we don’t see 5′/3′ labeled on tRNA, but we can infer.

But the instruction is to label all DNA and RNA strands.

So:

- mRNA (translation): 5′ at left, 3′ at right (already labeled)

For tRNA: The acceptor stem is where amino acid binds — this is the 3′ end of tRNA.

So:
- Each tRNA has 3′ end at the bottom (where amino acid is attached), 5′ end at the top.

But we may not need to label tRNA ends unless asked.

But the question says: Label the 5′ and 3′ ends of all DNA and RNA strands

So:

- DNA strands:
- Template strand: 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- Coding strand: 3′ at left, 5′ at right

- RNA strands:
- mRNA (both sections): 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- tRNA: 3′ end at the bottom (where amino acid is attached), 5′ end at the top

But the diagram doesn't show 5′/3′ on tRNA — but we can add them if needed.

But since the question asks to label them, and they are not already labeled, we should indicate.

But in the image, only the mRNA has 5′ labeled.

So for (b), we need to:

- Add 3′ to the right end of mRNA (top and bottom)
- Add 3′ to the right end of template DNA strand
- Add 5′ to the left end of coding DNA strand
- For tRNA: add 3′ at the bottom (acceptor stem), 5′ at the top

But since we can't draw on the image, we describe.

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✔ Summary for (b):

Label 5′ and 3′ ends:

- Template DNA strand (top):
- Left end: 5′
- Right end: 3′

- Coding DNA strand (top):
- Left end: 3′
- Right end: 5′

- mRNA (transcription):
- Left end: 5′ (already labeled)
- Right end: 3′ (add)

- mRNA (translation):
- Left end: 5′
- Right end: 3′

- tRNA molecules:
- Bottom (acceptor stem): 3′
- Top (5′ end): 5′

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✔ Final Answer:

#### (a) Labels:

| Number | Label |
|--------|-------|
| 1 | mRNA (transcription) |
| 2 | RNA polymerase |
| 3 | DNA - template strand |
| 4 | nuclear membrane |
| 5 | DNA - coding strand |
| 6 | ribosome |
| 7 | mRNA (translation) |
| 8 | tRNA with amino acid |
| 9 | amino acid |
| 10 | peptide |
| 11 | codon |
| 12 | anticodon |
| 13 | tRNA with amino acid |

| Letter | Label |
|--------|-------|
| A | transcription |
| B | mRNA (transcription) |
| C | cytoplasm |
| D | translation |

#### (b) 5′ and 3′ ends:

- Template DNA strand: 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- Coding DNA strand: 3′ at left, 5′ at right
- mRNA (transcription): 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- mRNA (translation): 5′ at left, 3′ at right
- tRNA: 3′ at acceptor stem (bottom), 5′ at other end (top)

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✔ Note: The term "tRNA without amino acid" is not used in this diagram, as all tRNAs shown carry amino acids. Similarly, nucleotide and peptide are used (peptide = 10), but nucleotide is not directly labeled. We used amino acid and tRNA with amino acid appropriately.

This completes the labeling.