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- The correct answer is: C. The patient’s symptoms are consistent with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by epigastric pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, and elevated serum amylase and lipase levels.
- The correct answer is: B. The most likely diagnosis is community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), given the presentation of fever, cough, purulent sputum, and crackles on auscultation. Empiric treatment should cover common pathogens like *Streptococcus pneumoniae* and *Haemophilus influenzae*.
- The correct answer is: A. The patient’s presentation is consistent with a pulmonary embolism (PE). Risk factors include recent surgery, immobility, and use of oral contraceptives. Diagnosis is confirmed with CT pulmonary angiography or V/Q scan.
- The correct answer is: D. The patient has signs of hypovolemic shock due to gastrointestinal bleeding. Immediate management includes airway protection, IV access, fluid resuscitation, and urgent endoscopy.
- The correct answer is: C. The patient’s symptoms suggest acute angle-closure glaucoma, which is an ophthalmologic emergency. Treatment includes lowering intraocular pressure with medications such as acetazolamide, pilocarpine, and mannitol.
- The correct answer is: B. The patient’s presentation is consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration. Management includes IV fluids, insulin, and electrolyte replacement.
- The correct answer is: A. The patient has symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), including urinary frequency, nocturia, and weak stream. Initial management includes alpha-blockers or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.
- The correct answer is: D. The patient’s presentation is consistent with acute bacterial meningitis, which requires immediate antibiotic therapy (e.g., ceftriaxone and vancomycin) and dexamethasone to reduce inflammation and complications.
- The correct answer is: C. The patient’s symptoms suggest acute cholecystitis, which is typically caused by gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. Diagnosis is confirmed with ultrasound, and treatment includes antibiotics and cholecystectomy.
- The correct answer is: B. The patient’s presentation is consistent with a myocardial infarction (MI). Immediate management includes aspirin, nitroglycerin, oxygen if hypoxic, and prompt reperfusion therapy (PCI or thrombolytics).
- The correct answer is: A. The patient’s symptoms suggest hypothyroidism, which is confirmed by elevated TSH and low free T4. Treatment involves levothyroxine replacement therapy.
- The correct answer is: D. The patient’s presentation is consistent with septic shock, requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and vasopressors if needed.
- The correct answer is: C. The patient’s symptoms suggest acute appendicitis, which requires surgical intervention (appendectomy) to prevent rupture and peritonitis.
- The correct answer is: B. The patient’s presentation is consistent with acute gout, characterized by sudden onset of joint pain, swelling, and redness. Treatment includes NSAIDs, colchicine, or corticosteroids.
- The correct answer is: A. The patient’s symptoms suggest iron deficiency anemia, which is confirmed by low serum ferritin, low MCV, and low hemoglobin. Treatment involves oral or IV iron supplementation.
- The correct answer is: D. The patient’s presentation is consistent with acute kidney injury (AKI), which requires identification and treatment of the underlying cause (e.g., dehydration, nephrotoxic drugs, obstruction).
- The correct answer is: C. The patient’s symptoms suggest major depressive disorder, which is treated with antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs) and psychotherapy.
- The correct answer is: B. The patient’s presentation is consistent with acute bronchitis, which is usually viral and self-limiting. Antibiotics are not indicated unless there is evidence of bacterial infection.
- The correct answer is: A. The patient’s symptoms suggest hyperthyroidism, which is confirmed by low TSH and elevated free T4. Treatment options include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery.
- The correct answer is: D. The patient’s presentation is consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires supportive care including mechanical ventilation and management of the underlying cause.